The Battle of Ypres 1915 Cost 6000 Canadian Casualties

The Battle of Ypres 1915 Cost 6000 Canadian Casualties In 1915, the second Battle of Ypres set up the notoriety of the Canadians as a battling power. The first Canadian Division had quite recently shown up on the Western Front when they won acknowledgment by holding their ground against another weapon of present day fighting - chlorine gas. It was likewise in the channels at the second Battle of Ypres that John McCrae composed the sonnet when a dear companion was killed, one of 6000 Canadian losses in only 48 hours. War World War I Date of Battle of Ypres 1915 April 22 to 24, 1915 Area of Battle of Ypres 1915 Close to Ypres, Belgium Canadian Troops at Ypres 1915 first Canadian Division Canadian Casualties at the Battle of Ypres 1915 6035 Canadian setbacks in 48 hoursMore than 2000 Canadians kicked the bucket Canadian Honors at the Battle of Ypres 1915 Four Canadians won the Victoria Cross at the Battle of Ypres in 1915 Edward Donald BellewFrederick Bud FisherFrederick William HallFrancis Alexander Scrimger Rundown of the Battle of Ypres 1915 The first Canadian Division had recently shown up at the front and were moved to Ypres Salient, a lump in the front of the City of Ypres in Belgium.The Germans held the high ground.The Canadians had two British divisions to their right side, and two French armed force divisions on their left.On April 22, after a mounted guns assault, the Germans discharged 5700 chambers of chlorine gas. The green chlorine gas was heavier than air and sank into the channels driving troopers out. The gas assault was trailed by solid infantry ambushes. The French barriers had to withdraw, leaving a four-mile wide opening in the Allied line.The Germans needed more saves or security against the chlorine gas for their own soldiers to exploit the gap.The Canadians battled during that time to close the gap.On the principal night, the Canadians propelled a counter-assault to drive the Germans out of Kitcheners Wood close St. Julien. The Canadians cleared the forested areas yet needed to resign. More assaults that night brought about awful setbacks however got some an ideal opportunity to close the hole. After two days the Germans assaulted the Canadian line at St. Julien, again utilizing chlorine gas. The Canadians hung on until fortifications showed up.

The World of Commercial Art and the International Art Market Essay

The World of Commercial Art and the International Art Market The primary points of this exploration are to procure a comprehension of the states of the craftsmanship advertise and to build up a basic information on the business craftsmanship world and the applicable universal market. The possibility that the worldwide craftsmanship advertise is a controller in the post foundation workmanship world has suggestions on the arrangement of costs and values in the workmanship showcase, because of the macroeconomic reality, political what's more, social changes of this period. All through the nineteenth century, the Acadã ©mie des Beaux-Arts kept on delivering numerous significant specialists. It lost its capacity just at the turn of the century when it neglected to recognize radical styles for example, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. The defeat of scholarly craftsmanship additionally was rushed by financial changes in the workmanship showcase, which incorporated the development of autonomous presentations and the advancement of private deals displays. Over these years, the agitated arrangement of money related market which the workmanship advertise turned out to be a piece of has developed into a more noteworthy heart of the complex conduct of the person in his The business showcase economy has been great for the turn of events of human expressions. In this way, as far as possible the gracefully of workmanship and collectibles contemplating the purchaser financial inclination. Henceforth, advertise division, division of work and specialization caused a division among high and low culture, and separate great craftsmanship from garbage workmanship. Along these lines, the craftsmanship market should choose the capable craftsmen in a free and well off society that permits an extremely huge number of specialists to have more open doors getting monetarily autonomous and to get aesthetic opportunity. In spite of the fact that, the pretended by the seller in the market, as social business person, is significant for keep up the estimation of the item. In this occurrence, how best the worldwide workmanship market can be composed, what is the most ideal approach to adjust the gracefully of workmanship and what is the market's motivation through the separation of good workmanship from garbage workmanship. The market must confine the gracefully of workmanship and collectibles choosing the skilled specialists, great craftsmanship, from that point raising the general estimation of a gem. Thusly and dependent on this announcement, this article will consider contentions for the market as the controller of the flexibly of workmanship and call attention to a portion of the issues with this present market's capacity  «What is ... ...Extremely valuable: Art, Artists and Economics. (New York: Basic) HEILBRUN, J. furthermore, GRAY, C.M., 1993. The Economics of Art and Culture, An American Perspective (Cambridge University Press) JEFFRI, J., 1983. Expressions Money, Raising it, Saving it and Earning it (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press) OWEN, V.L., 1979. The Effects of Mass Markets on Artistic Quality, Diary of Cultural Economics, Vol.3, no2 REITLINGER, G., 1961. The Economics of Taste, vol I, The Rise and Fall of Picture Prices, 1760-1960 (Holt: Rhinehart and Winston) ROBERTSON, I.A., 2000. The Emerging Art Markets of Great China 1989-1999 (London: City University) SAVAGE, G., 1969. The Market in Art (Kent: Tonbridge Printers) Artist, L.P., 1988. Phenomenology and Economics of Art Markets: An Workmanship Historical Perspective, Journal of Cultural Economics, Vol.12, no1 STEIN, J.P., 1977. The Monetary Appreciation of Paintings. The Diary of Political Economy, vol.85-5. THROSBY, D., 2001. Financial aspects and Culture (New York: Cambridge College Press) Sites: www.artprice.com - - - - - [1] SAVAGE, G., 1969. The Market in Art (Kent: Tonbridge printers) p.13.

J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter Essay -- Rowling Harry Potter Essays

J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter Harry Potter is a stranded kid whose guardians were assaulted and murdered by the detestable wizard, Lord Voldemort. The kid endure the awful killing, which left him with a lightning jolt scar on his brow. He lives with his obnoxious uncle and auntie and disagreeably egotistical cousin during summer months. The kid goes to the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, where he finds out about mixtures, flying on a broomstick, and warding off the abhorrent Lord Voldemort. Harry Potter is loved by offspring all things considered, alongside grown-ups, for his clever diversion and dream undertakings. Kids need his fellowship and enchantment powers. The initial three books were on the New York Times success records before New York Times chose to separate the rundown into kids' and grown-ups' books on account of Harry Potter's notoriety (Gray standard. 2). Harry Potter won the Parenting Book of the Year Award in 1998, and the 1997 National Book Award (Ballard standard. 6). Harry Potter has moved through the world causing discussion over the positive and negative effects the books are having on kids. Albeit a few people guarantee that Harry Potter is Satanic, Harry Potter has affected youngsters' writing since kids are learning acceptable qualities, a constructive good example, and are understanding more. J.K. Rowling introduced Harry Potter to youngsters' writing in 1997. Seven years prior, Rowling was a jobless single parent of a little girl and was living in a two-room condo in Edinburgh, Scotland. Rowling started to compose Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in a coffeehouse while her little girl took rests Since at that point, she has composed an aggregate of four books: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone written in... ...oshen College Good Library. 24 October 2001. Dark, Paul. The Magic of Potter. Rev. Dec. 2000.17. Oct. 2001 http://www.time.com/time/pog2000/mag/rowling.html. Liungman, Carl G. Word reference of Symbols. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1991. Radigan, Winifred M. Associating the Gernerations: Memory, Magic, and Harry Potter. Diary of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 44.8 (2001):694. Scholarly Search First class. Palni Site Search. Goshen College Good Library. 24 October 2001. Why We Like Harry Potter. Christianity Today 10 Jan. 2000: 37. Scholarly Search First class. Palni Site Search. Goshen College Good Library. 24 October 2001. Wyckoff, Malia McCawley. Past Harry Potter: The books young men can't avoid perusing. Family Life Oct. 2000: 86. Scholarly Search Elite. Palni Site Search. Goshen College Good Library. 24 October 2001.

Batch Distillation Column Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bunch Distillation Column - Assignment Example A solitary bunch section can isolate a multi-part blend in a solitary activity, to its different segments. During the beginning up period, the segment is balanced in a way that guarantees the distillate delivered will be of wanted virtue (Jana, 2008, 145). The creation time frame is, conversely, the piece of the procedure during which the item is pulled back from the section. Activity of the bunch refining section happens in four different ways. Consistent reflux proportion, absolute reflux, ideal proportion, and steady distillate organization are the techniques utilized in working cluster refining segment. The strategy for activity of the cluster refining segment is subject to the sort of blend that is being isolated. In the partition of the methanol/water blend for example, all out reflux strategy could be properly utilized. In complete reflux, the clump procedure is disregarded to move toward consistent state before the withdrawal of the distillate item is permitted to begin. So as to now accomplish consistent state, overhead fumes are dense and gathered in the condenser-reflux drum framework (Diwekar, 2011, 5). All the fluid that has been consolidated is coordinated to come back to the section. At the point when this occurs, the fluid is additionally taken through the refining procedure a few times until there is no more distillate item to be expelled. This nonstop procedure of reflux and resulting refining guarantees that the most extreme conceivable immaculateness is gotten, since no more distillate item is left unremoved. The procedure that goes on in the group refining segment is a mind boggling one. Fluid blend is placed in a vessel that is known as the still spot. The vessel is then warmed to such a period as fume is created, and the fume is coordinated to a correcting segment. As the fumes ascend in the section, they become advanced in the segment of the blend that is increasingly unpredictable. In the underlying beginning up period, all the fume gathered from the top segment of the section is

Culture and Religion free essay sample

Philosophy was a higher priority than culture and religion for the development of patriot developments in the period before WWII. How far do you concur? Pilgrim rule had achieved numerous noteworthy effects in South East Asian nations which included numerous disappointments among the locals. In this manner, this achieved the ascent of patriot developments. There are numerous motivations to why there was an improvement of these developments and the two principle purposes behind this reason was belief system just as religion and culture. The spread of belief system, for example, Marxism and socialism and the safeguarding of culture and religion were one of the primary factors with regards to why patriot developments were across the board in the period before WWII. The development of patriotism alludes to how these developments had the option to earn mass help from local people, how far they can radicalize their developments and how joined the developments were. The development of patriotism was to a great extent dependent on philosophy as opposed to religion. We will compose a custom exposition test on Culture and Religion or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Hence, I concur emphatically to the announcement. Initially, religion and culture assumed a significant job in the ascent of patriot developments where it had the option to increase mass help from local people. Religion and culture was extraordinarily uprooted by the pioneer powers and numerous locals were severly influenced as religion assumed a significant job in forming their lives. For example, religion figured out how to impact and increase mass help. This could be seen in Sareket Dagan Islam in Indonesia. It just figured out how to acquire support from local people subsequent to changing its name and targets in 1912 to Sareket Islam. The gathering depended on Islamic change, which focuses on that Islam was a wellspring of vote based thoughts and otherworldly instruction. The gathering dropped the term â€Å"Dagang† to speak to a more extensive area of society past business interests and held the word â€Å"Islam† which was helpful politically in a nation that was dominatingly Muslim. This earning of mass help through religion and culture could likewise be found in Burma. Buddhism was a binding together power in the early period of patriot developments as it went about as a durable social power in pre-pioneer Burma. It was helpful in furnishing the Burmese with a national character which challenged against the British and Indians. For example, the pongyis put the fault for the decrease of Buddhism on expansionism to win rustic help for the fomentation. This was fruitful as in 1922, the pongyis came to control the strict General Council of the Sangha Sametggi (GCSS). In the two cases, the two gatherings utilized religion to increase mass help from local people and was effective in doing as such also. Hence, it very well may be said that religion and culture had helped the beginnings of the development of patriotism when contrasted with belief system in that period. Ideological patriot developments just came to fruition during the 1990s because of outside impacts, outer occasions and Western instruction. It needed authentic help from the locals not at all like religion and culture, which played an extraordinary perspective in their lives. Belief system didn't speak to the majority during that timeframe. This point could be represented in the Partai Komunis Indonesia(PKI) in Indonesia which was beforehand the ISDV group of the SI which pulled back. This withdrawal from the SI was viewed as hostile to religion and dubious by the customary Javanese society and therefore unfit to pick up help from the majority. In this way, belief system was not as viable as religion and culture regarding getting mass help. Subsequently, culture and religion could be contended to be a higher priority than belief system. In any case, this is just substantial toward the beginning of the patriot developments where belief system was not across the board yet. Religion and culture just adds to patriot developments to a little degree as far as the radicalization of the developments. Developments that concentrate around religion and culture are less adaptable and have less capacity to adjust to new changes. These developments have in reverse dreams. Patriot developments that depended on religion and culture didn't control the impact of outer occasions, for example, the Great Depression, WWI and concealment. These developments couldn't adjust or change its strategies to take into account the requirements of local people and making their help decline over the long haul. This shows there was constrained development of patriotism in the developments dependent on religion and culture. For example, SI was driven by two groups, one by Agus Salim and the other by the radical ideological group drove by the ISDV. In 1918, when the Dutch detected the radicalization in the SI, numerous supporters pulled back their help from the gathering. This made the SI boycott joined participation in SI and other socialist associations which depended on belief system. This shows developments that depend on religion didn't develop and neglected to turn out to be more radicalized which was fundamental for the development of patriotism particularly where frontier rule was suppressive. In this manner, from here it shows that religion doesn't assume a huge job in the development of patriot developments when contrasted with philosophy. Belief system then again was more expansive and more all-included than religion and culture. This helped collect more help over the long haul and furthermore prompted the development of national development in spite of concealment from pilgrim powers. These developments are likewise ready to control circumstances of hardships to further their potential benefit, for example, the Great Depression and its hindering impacts of local people. Developments dependent on philosophies are increasingly adaptable and can move its strategies to suit the necessities of their kin and furthermore prevent concealment of the pioneer powers. For instance, this could be found in Ho Chi Minh’s Vietminh. Ho Chi Minh received the belief system of Marxism which was acquainted with him when he had served the USSR as a COMINTERN specialist. He established the Indochina Communist Party(ICP) in 1930 which was fruitful as it figured out how to utilize the unforgiving monetary circumstance brought about by the Great Depression. The ICP figured out how to abuse the people’s complaints politically byu causing enormous scope rustic uprisings from 1930-1931 to the breakdown of pioneer expert in north focal Vietnam. Likewise, patriot bunches which center around philosophy can pick up help from outer associations which could represent a danger to the pioneer powers. For instance, COMINTERN assisted with spreading socialist thoughts and offer subsidizing to Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh looked for help from them to prepare progressives and increase experience which prompted his party’s achievement. Notwithstanding concealment of the ICP, the development of patriotism despite everything figured out how to endure or even better become more grounded dissimilar to patriot developments dependent on religion and culture, This could be found in the ICP where they despite everything kept on working underground, reinforcing patriot resole. Accordingly, through philosophy, the development of patriotism became much bigger and assumed a significant job when contrasted with religion and culture. Religion and culture likewise didn't help the development of patriotism as far as its kin being joined together. The solidarity of a gathering or a development is vital and lays a significant job for the development of patriotism as well as its prosperity also. Patriot developments dependent on religion and culture present various issues of unification. For example, patriot developments dependent on religion and culture in nations that have a decent variety of religion and culture are generally separated. This is on the grounds that the patriot development of this sort is just ready to pick up help of the individuals of its religion and rejects the remainder of its kin. For example, Malaya has diverse ethnic and strict gatherings, for example, the Malay, Chinese and Indians. Every ethnic gathering have their own patriot developments which can't coorperate with one another as they have various points and objectives. Accordingly, there can't cooperate to accomplish patriotism to such an extent much that it obstructs the development of patriotism as there is an absence of solidarity between the various races. This is an extraordinary issue looked by developments which depended on religion and culture as SEA is a heterogeneous locale with various ethnics and societies and it partitions the individuals. Belief system then again didn't confront this issue as it spoke to every one of its kin with one vision and objective. It didn't isolate its kin as everybody had the equivalent political point which was to topple pilgrim powers and to accomplish its ideological objective. For example, the PNI in Indonesia built up national key images and made the national song of praise of Indonesia to bring together the individuals. Hence, belief system in this sense is increasingly significant in helping the development of patriotism as it assisted with joining the individuals together as one when contrasted with religion and culture where it disunities its kin. All in all, philosophy is considered to be a progressively significant and applicable factor in the development of patriotism. Religion and culture assumed a pivotal job in the beginnings of patriotism when pilgrim rule had disturbed the way of life of local people. It assisted with starting nationalistic developments among local people anyway it was just brief as it couldn't deal with concealment and control circumstances just as ideological patriot developments. Developments dependent on philosophy had the option to gather more help over the long haul and gave an unmistakable point that assisted with joining the individuals. Along these lines, religion and culture assumed a significant job toward the beginning while ideological developments assisted with driving the development of patriotism further.

Security Is a Misnomer

Security Is a Misnomer We are but dogs, leashed by fear, thrashing in the collars of our own obligations. People often hang on to thingsâ€"jobs, relationships, material possessionsâ€"in an effort to feel secure. Unfortunately, many of the things we cling to in search of security, actually drain the satisfaction from our lives, leaving us discontented and overwhelmed. We hold on to jobs we dislike because we believe theres security in a paycheck. We stay in shitty relationships because we think theres security in not being alone. We hold on to stuff we dont need, just in case we might need it down the road in some nonexistent, more secure future. But if such accruements are flooding your life with discontent, they are not secure. In fact, the opposite is true. Discontent is uncertainty. And uncertainty is insecurity. Hence, by definition, if you are not happy with your situation, no matter how comfortable it is, then you wont ever feel secure. Take, for example, us: Joshua and Ryan. We both embraced the ostensible security of prestigious careers and of all the cold trappings of our entropic consumer culture. The super-sized houses. The steady paychecks. The pacifying material possessions. Wed purchased all the purchases, accumulated all the accumulations, and achieved all the achievements that were supposed to make us feel secure. So why didnt we experience real security? Why were we glazed with discontent and stress and depression? Because we had more to lose. Wed constructed well-decorated walls that we were terrified to tear down, becoming prisoners of our own consumption. Our lifestyles, equipped with a laundry list of unquestioned desires, anchored us to our self-built burdens. We thought we knew what we wanted, but we didnt know why we wanted it. It turned out our paychecks made us feel less secure, afraid wed be deprived of the income wed grown accustomed to and the lifestyles wed blindly coveted. And our material possessions exposed countless twinges of insecurity, leaving us frightened that wed suffer loss of our personal property or that someone would take it from us. So we clutched tighter onto these security blankets. But you see, its not the security blanket that ensures a persons security. People latch on to security blankets because theres a deeper fear lingering at the ragged edges of a discontented reality; theres something else were afraid of. The fear of loss. Were afraid of losing love or respect or comfort. Its this fear that keeps us tied to mediocrity. Were willing to sacrifice growth and purpose and meaning in our lives, just to hold on to our pacifiers, all the while searching all the wrong places for security, misguidedly programming ourselves to believe theres a strange kind of certainty within uncertainty. But the more we amass, the more we need our stockpile, and then the more uncertain we feel. Needing more will always lead to a pall of uncertainty and insecurity. Life isnt meant to be completely safe. Real security, however, is found inside us, in consistent personal growth, not in a reliance on growing external factors. Once we extinguish our outside requirements for the things that wont ever make us truly secureâ€"a fat paycheck, a sybaritic relation, a shiny new widgetâ€"we can shepherd our focus toward whats going on inside us, no longer worshiping the things around us. Sure, we all need a particular level of external security to function: food, water, shelter, clothes, health, personal safety,  positive relationships. But if we jettison lifes superfluous excess, we can find infinite security within ourselves. Security blanket or no, we can be absolutely secure alone in an empty room. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Maturity Structure Of Firms Assets Liabilities Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Financial economics had made significant progress in asset management, the coordination between firms cash inflows with cash outflows by matching the maturity of income generated by assets with the maturity of interest incurring debts. People knew little about the maturity structure of firms assets and liabilities, because willingly obtainable and thorough information regarding a firms liabilities and liabilities like commitment were not easy and time overwhelming to gather in our country, while many papers had explained how imbalances in the maturity period of asset and liability structure could be the main reason of currency and financial crises in the emerging markets, the factors that create such imbalances in the first place had established comparatively little attention so far. The agency costs could be reduced if firms issue short-term debt and, thus, were evaluated periodically. Information asymmetry and conflict between shareholders and debt holders could be intensified in transition economies for three reasons: (i) lack of shareholder and creditor protection owing to the imperfect legal system; (ii) the high level of uncertainty enables firms with overdue debt to switch to high-risk assets, which increases flotation and/or transaction costs; and (iii) the ownership structure of companies in emerging markets could create potentially higher agency costs because managers dominate the board of directors and comparatively greater control rights (Harvey, Lins and Roper (2004). Smith and Warner (1979) argued that riskier and smaller companies had higher agency related costs because managers of small companies had mutual interests with the shareholders since they were holding a larger proportion of the equity. The managers were interested in progress of the equity value even it reduced the firms total value. The purpose of the study was to seal the gap of ma turity mismatch between firms assets and liabilities, and theoretically how mismatch might lead to and exacerbated maturity mismatch due to market uncertainty, and how maturity mismatch increased output instability on the non/financial firms. Second, this research provided empirical results that supported the predictions that firms debt maturity had positive impact on maturity of its assets, however little support for firm size and the impact of growth options were inversely related to debt maturity to test these predictions the study made the model which depended on the following variable like debt maturity ratio, asset maturity ratio, market to book value ratio, and firm size. A common recommendation was that firms should compare the maturity period of its assets to that of its long term liabilities. If long term liabilities had less maturity period with respect to assets, then there might not be sufficient cash on hand to pay back the principal when it was outstanding. On the other hand, if debt had a greater maturity period with respect to assets, then cash flows from assets moved toward an end, whereas debt expenses stay outstanding. Maturity matching could lessen these risks and then structure of corporate hedging that decreased predictable expenditure of financial distress. In a related element, Myers (1977) disputed that maturity matching could control agency conflicts between equity holders and debt holder ensured that debt reimbursements were planned to communicate with the reduction in the worth of assets. In a model of this fact, Chang (1989) revealed that maturity matching could reduce organization expenditure of debt financing. Hoven and Mauer (1996) study also revealed well-built support for the standard textbook recommendations that firms should compare the maturity period of their assets to that of their liabilities. Research investigation specified that asset maturity was an important aspect in explaining distinction in debt maturity st ructure. The sample of firms were taken from non/financial firms listed on the Kse-100 index and their financial data consisting from year 2003 to 2008 and those firms were used to analyzed the distinctive financial characteristics. The reasons for choosing non-financial firms, because it played significant role in the economy of this country and the measurement of maturity matching of assets and liabilities and reduction in agency cost would help these firms to avoid risks like liquidation and fluctuation in interest rates. If the period of the maturity of assets was larger than the maturity period of its liabilities, then the maturity structure was at risk to growing interest rates, because the higher maturity period assets were more responsive to interest rates than the lower maturity period liabilities. If interest rates went up then the assets were turned down in value more rapidly than the liabilities. If interest rates remained constant, then there might be a deficit in su pporting the liabilities. One way to diminish this problem was to rebalance the assets such that the maturity period of the assets were equal to the maturity period of the liabilities, then any interest rate had a minor effect on outcome. If in the above case, the asset maturity period was too high, the maturity period must be shortened. This short fall might be achieved by either rebalancing the structure with shorter maturity period assets or by shorting longer maturity period assets, and if the firms debts and debt like obligations were larger than its assets in amount then this mismatch between the maturity period of assets and liabilities could lead it towards liquidation so to keep away from that liquidation the firms should keep up matching between the amount of its assets and liabilities, and companies that had a greater reliance on external finance faced a comparatively weaker agency problem. De Haas and Peeters (2006) agency cost issue could be alleviated by the higher variability of firm value, which could interfere with the firms ability to pay off its obligations. The main advantage that Non-Financial firms listed on KSE-100 Index could acquire from this study was to avoid the mismatch between the maturity period of its assets to that of its debts and the agency cost problem. 1.2 Statement of Problem The objective of this study was to seal the gap of maturity mismatch between firms assets and liabilities, and the importance of agency cost problems, which showed theoretically how mismatch might lead to and exacerbated maturity mismatch due to market uncertainty, and how maturity mismatch increases output instability in the Non-Financial firms listed on KSE-100 Index. The purpose of this study was to observe the debt maturity structure described by Shah and khan (2005); Myers (1977); Titman (1992); Diamond (1991); Barnea, Haugen, and Senbet (1980); Jalilvand and Harris, (1984); Ozkan, 2000, Yi, 2005 and Whited, (1992); Warner (1979); Hoven and Mauer (1996); Barclay and Smith (1995); Barnea, Haugen, and Senbet (1980, 1985); and Hart and Moore (1995) presented the detail regarding the debt maturity structure. The scope of study was to analyze the maturity matching structure between firms assets and liabilities, and agency cost problem. 1.3 Hypotheses H0: There was a positi ve impact of asset maturity on Debt maturity. H1: There was a positive impact of Firm Size on Debt maturity. H2: There was an inverse impact of Market to Book Ratio on Debt maturity. 1.4 Outline of the Study The outline of the study processed as follows. Chapter one based on the introduction of the thesis, which contained introduction about debt maturity structure by different researchers, the statement of problem, and hypotheses etc. Chapter two contained literature review given by different researchers, theories on debt maturity structure, and factors which were directly or indirectly related to debt maturity structure. In chapter three, research methods were described, which contained method of data collection, sampling technique, sample size, research model developed, and statistical technique. Chapter four contained on findings and interpretation of the results. Chapter five contained the conclusion, discussions, implications, recommendations, and future research. Chapter six contained those references of different authors, which were related to this study. CHAPTER 02 LITERATURE REVIEW The literature included two types of theories about the debt maturity structure: agency cost theory, and maturity matching theory. 2.1 Agency Cost Theory Myers (1977) discussed that risky debt financing caused low investment benefits when a firms investment had chances to look for growth option and low investment benefits could be assured by providing short-term debt to mature before the growth options were utilized. The hypothesis was that the firms assets had a greater ratio of growth options in shorter-term debt. Titman (1992) presented that if growing firms had the greater chances of bankruptcy and positive future-outlook then those firms could acquire incentives from borrowing short-term debt. There was an acceptance in the literature that growth (market-to-book ratio of assets) should be inversely correlated to debt maturity in the agency/contracting costs perspective. Hart and Moore (1995) defined the role of long-term debt in controlling managements capability in increasing funds for future projects. It was analyzed that long-term debt may restrict self-interested managers from financing non-profitable investments enta iled a direct variation of long-term debt with market-to-book ratio. Therefore, the relationship between growth options and debt maturity structure had an experimental issue. Diamond (1991) defined liquidity risk as the risk that debtors were lost control rents because creditors do not want to refinance, and therefore they decided to liquidate the firm. Because short-term debt had seen by Diamond as debt that mature before the profits of an investment were received, it was necessary to refinance short-term debt. For firms with high credit worthiness, the liquidity risk was not relevant. A decreased in credit worthiness did not lead to a crunch of credit to the firm. For this reason, firms with a high credit rating were expected to borrow on the short term. For firms with a medium credit rating, the liquidity risk could be important, but they also interested to borrow on the long term. Firms with a low credit rating were therefore forced to borrow on the short term. Barnea, Hau gen, and Senbet (1980) found that organization conflicts, similar to Myerss (1977) underinvestment problem, could be restrained by reducing the maturity of debt. Therefore, smaller firms which faced additional harsh agency conflicts then larger well-maintained firms might use shorter-term debt to mitigate these conflicts. In most cases, the costs of a public debt issue were fixed, and these costs were therefore self-determining of the size of the debt. Because public debt had a longer maturity than private debt, a positive relation between the size of a firm and the maturity of debt was proposed. However, those reasons did not apply to small unlisted firms, because these firms make very little use of public debt. The present study also included leverage and industry affiliation as determinants of debt maturity. Arguably, larger firms had lower asymmetric information and agency problems, higher tangible assets relative to future investment opportunities, and thus, easier access to long-term debt markets. The reasons why small firms were forced to use short-term debt include higher failure rates and the lack of economies of scale in raising long-term public debt. It was further argued that larger firms were tend to use more long-term debt due to firms remaining financial needs (Jalilvand and Harris, 1984). Agency problems (risk shifting, claim dilution) between shareholders and lenders may be particularly severed for small firms. Bondholders attempt to control the risk of lending to small firms by restricting the length of debt maturity. Large (small) firms, thus expected to had more long (short)-term debt in capital structure. Consequently, these arguments implied a positive impact of firm size on debt maturity. It was widely accepted by the current literature that larger firms had lower agency costs of debt (Ozkan, 2000, Yi, 2005 and Whited, 1992), because these larger firms were believed to an easier access to capital markets, and a stronger negotiat ion power. Hence both these arguments favored larger firms for issuing more long-term debt compared to smaller firms. In addition to it Smith and Warner (1979) argued that smaller firms were more likely to face higher agency costs in terms of a conflict of the interest between shareholders and debt holders. Hoven and Mauer (1996) found out only little evidence for the agency cost aspect that debt maturity used to restrict the conflicts of interest between share holders and debt holders. Although smaller firms in the sample used short term debt, findings also suggested that firms with big amounts of growth options small leverage, and hence small to moderate incentive of debt maturity structure to reduced the conflicts of interest above the utilization of those options. Barclay and Smith (1995) tested the determinants of corporate debt maturity hypothesis that firms with greater growth choices in investment opportunity sets issued large amount of short-term debt, study also foun d that firms issue large amount of long-term debt. The findings were robust to surrogate measures of the investment opportunity set, techniques as well which proposed to growth options in the firms investment opportunities be key in discussing both the time-series and cross-sectional fluctuation in the firms maturity structure. Study also supported strong relationship among firm size and debt maturity: superior firms issue a considerably bigger proportion of long-term debt. This was uniformed with the observance that small firms were dependent more heavily on bank debt that traditionally had shorter maturity than public debt. Smaller firms had large growth options, which indicated to employ shorter-term debt to reduce the agency conflicts; these indications assumed debt as uncertain. Though, the capital structure theory suggested that these firms employed moderate amounts of leverage to mitigate the risk of financial loss. As such, firms with low leverage and low chances of finan cial loss would likely be unbiased to employ debt maturity structure to restrict agency conflicts, all other matters remain constant. Agency cost theory also proposed that smaller to medium size firms relatively faced higher agency costs problems because the possible divergence of risk shifting and reducing the concentration between equity holders and managers (Smith and Warner, 1979). To overcome this issue and to control the agency cost short-term debts were recommended Barnea, Haugen, and Senbet (1980, 1985). The large constant flotation cost of constant securities comparative to the small size of the firm had an additional barrier that stops all small firms access to the capital market. Smith (1986) argued that managers of regulated firms had less discretion over investment decisions, which reduced debts agency costs and increased optimal leverage. Shah and khan (2005) evidenced the blended support for the agency cost, study results showed that smaller firms employed more sho rter term debt then longer term debt; even there was no evidence that growing firms employ more of short-term debt as assumed by (Myers, 1977) that debt maturity varied inversely to proxies for firms growth options in investment opportunities, The implication of firm size variable also verify the information asymmetry hypothesis, established it costly to access capital market for long term liabilities. 2.2 Maturity Matching Theory A frequent recommendation in the literature discussed that a firm should compare maturity structure of its assets to that of its debt. Maturity matching could concentrate on these threats and thus a structure of corporate hedging that decreased projected expenses of financial suffering. In a related element, Myers (1977) explained that maturity matching could control agency conflicts between equity holders and debt holders by ensuring that debt repayments had planned to match up with the reduction in the worth of assets in place. At the final stage of an assets life, the firms encountered a reinvestment judgment, concerning to debt that matures at that time assists to restore the suitable investment benefits as soon as new investments were needed. Though, this analysis specified that the maturity of a firms assets did not the only determinant of debt maturity. Growth options also played a vital role as well. Chang (1989) revealed that maturity matching could reduce organization exp enses of debt financing. Stohs and Maurer (1996) and Morris (1976) argued that a firm could face risk that did not cover sufficient cash in case the maturity of the debt had shorter maturity than the maturity of the assets or even vice versa in case the maturity of the debt was greater than asset maturity (the cash flow from assets necessary for the debt repayment terminated). Following these arguments, the maturity matching principle belongs to the determinants of the corporate debt maturity structure. Emery (2001) argued that firms avoid the term premium by matching the maturity of firms liabilities and assets. Hart and Moore (1994) confirmed matching principle by showing that slower asset depreciation signified that longer debt maturity. Therefore, this study expected a positive relationship between debt maturity and asset maturity. Hoven and Mauer (1996) found well-built support for the regular textbook recommendations that firms should compare the maturity period of fi rms liabilities to that of firms assets. Study results were indicating asset maturity a key aspect in discussing instability in debt maturity structure. Shah and khan (2005) found unambiguous support for maturity matching hypothesis. Study findings revealed that the fixed assets varied directly with debt maturity structure. Myers (1977) argued that maturity matching of firm assets and liabilities could also partially serve as a tool for mitigation of the underinvestment problem, which was discussed in the agency costs theory section. Here the maturity matching principle ensured that the debt repayments should be due according to the decrease of the asset worth. Comparing the maturities as an effort to list debt repayments to match up with the decrease in expected worth of assets now in place. Gapenski (1999) differentiated two strategies of maturity matching namely the accounting and financing approach. The accounting approach considered the assets as current and fixed ones and called for the financing of the current assets by short-term liabilities and fixed assets by long-term liabilities and equity. The financing approach considered the assets as permanent and temporary. In these terms the fixed assets were definitely permanent ones and some stable parts of the fluctuating current assets were also taken as permanent. This approach then suggested financing the permanent assets by long-term funds (long-term liabilities and equity) and temporary assets by short-term liabilities. Consequently, the financing approach generally employed ceteris paribus more long-term liabilities than the accounting approach did. The financing approach brought more stable interest costs than the accounting approach; but as the yield curve was usually upward sloped, the financing approach was also more costly. The financing approach versus accounting approach decision making was thus a classical risk return trade-off relationship. In praxis, the corporate commonly favor ed the accounting approach before the finance approach. Based on these maturity matching arguments, balance sheet liquidity implied an impact on the corporate debt maturity structure. Guedes and Opler (1996) stated that the estimation of asset maturity did not appear to be very much between firms, those issued debt (term of one to nine years) and firms that issued debt up to twenty nine years term. But firms that issued debt for greater than thirty years term had assets with significantly long lives. Assumptions expected that firms should compare the maturity of assets and liabilities showed that partially correct. Morris (1976) argued that such a strategy allowed firms to decrease uncertainty both over interest costs over the assets life as well as over the net income those were derived from the assets. (Emery (2001) the higher the term premium, the stronger should be the firms incentive for maturity matching. CHAPTER: 03 RESEARCH METHODS This study mainly focused on the impact of asset maturity, firm size, and market to book ratio on debt maturity structure of Pakistani non-financial firms. According to the Capital Market of Pakistan, this study employed on publicly listed firms on KSE-100 index. Firms were evaluated based on several factors. All the listed non financial firms were taken and following steps were adopted to conduct this study: 3.1 Method of Data Collection Secondary data comprised on non-financial firms listed on KSE-100 Index, collected from the different sources i.e. Karachi Stock Market, Balance sheet analysis report published by State Bank of Pakistan for year 2003-2008. The data comprised on following variables: debt maturity as dependent variable, asset maturity, firm size, and market to book value ratio as independent variables. Debt maturity was measured by dividing debt maturing more than one year to total debt; asset maturity was obtained by dividing fixed assets to depreciation; firm size was takes as natural l og of total assets; market to book value ratio measured as market value of firms assets divided by book value of firms assets. This research had supported the predictions that firms debt maturity had positive impact on maturity of its assets, however little support for firm size and the impact of growth options had inverse impact on debt maturity to test these predictions the study made the model which contained following variable like debt maturity ratio, asset maturity ratio, market to book value ratio, and firm size. 3.2 Research Model Developed Multiple linear regression models were used in this study such as all variables were scale variables. One dependent and three independent variables were used. This study mainly focused on impact of independent variables on dependant variable. To satisfy the regression normality assumption study used transformation on dependant variable and two independent variables, which ultimately gave the simple linear models as described below Sqrt of DEBTMAT = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± + Ln of ASSETMAT (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼ Sqrt of DEBTMAT = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± + + SIZE (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼ Sqrt of DEBTMAT = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± Ln of MV/BV (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼ Where: Sqrt of DEBTMAT was transformation of firms debt maturity (Debt maturing more than one year / Total debt) Ln of ASSETMAT was firms asset maturity transformed (Fixed Assets / Depreciation) SIZE was firm size (Log (natural) of total assets) Ln of MV/BV was firms market-to-book ratio transformed (Market value of firms assets / Book value of firms assets)  µ was error term ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± was the Constant 3.3 Sample Size Non-financial firms varied from each other on the basis of their capital formation. This research eliminated all those non-financial firms which had some inconsistencies in their financial data. Sample of 58 firms were used from non-financial firms listed on the Kse-100index 3.4 Sampling Technique Procedure Non-financial companies listed on the KSE-100 index selected for the purpose of conducting this research study. 3.5 Statistical Technique After collecting the data from the selected population, it was analyzed by using SPSS software to study the impact of dependent variable (sqrt_Debt Maturity) on independent variables (ln_asset maturity, firm size, and ln_market to book ratio). The statistical technique Multiple Linear Regression was used to classify the variables that impact the debt maturity. CHAPTER: 04 RESULTS 4.1 Findings and Interpretation of the results: 4.1.1 Correlations Matrix sqrt_dema ln_assmt Size ln_mkttobv sqrt_dema Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N 1 39 0.530 0.001 39 0.155 0.346 39 -0.232 0.162 38 ln_assmt Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N 0.530 0.001 39 1 58 -0.123 0.359 58 -0.267 0.049 55 Size Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N 0.155 0.346 39 -0.123 0.359 58 1 58 0.047 0.734 55 ln_mkttobv Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N -0.232 0.162 38 -0.267 0.049 55 0.047 0.734 55 1 55Table 4.1.1 measured linear association between dependent variable and independent variables. In this study the correlation coefficient for sqrt_dema (dependent variable) and ln_assmt (independent variable) was 0.530; this indicated that these were positively correlated but not strongly correlated. The significance level was 0.001 which was very low significance; low significance indicated that sqrt_dema and ln_assmt were significant and linearly correlated. The correlation coefficient of sqrt_dema with firm size was 0.155; which showed that sqrt_dema and firm size were positively correlated but not strongly correlated. The significance level had relatively large 0.346 so the correlation was not significant and the debt maturity and firm size were not linearly related, and the correlation coefficient of sqrt_dema with ln_mkttobv was -0.232; which showed that debt maturity and market to book ratio were inversely correlated but not strongly correlated. The significance level had relatively large 0.162 so the correlation was not significant and the debt maturity and market to book ratio were not linearly related. TABLE 4.1.2: MODEL SUMMARY FOR DEBT MATURITY Model R R Square Adjusted R Square 1 0.624 0.389 0.336 Table 4.1.2 displays R; R squared, and adjusted R squared. R, the multiple correlation coefficients, was the correlation between the observed and predicted values of the dependent variable. Larger value of R indicated stronger relationships. R squared showed the percentage of deviation in the dependent variable explained by the regression model. Small values specified that the model did not in shape with the data well. To satisfy the regression normality assumption study used transformation on dependant variable and two independent variables to make the data normally distributed. It shows that 38.9 % variation in dependent variable (square root of debt maturity) was due to independent variables (log of asset maturity, firm size, and log of market to book value ratio). Table 4.1.3 summarized the results of an analysis of variance. In this model the value of the F statistic was less than 0.05, thus the independent variables did a fine work to clarif y the deviation in the dependent variable. TABLE 4.1.3: ANOVA FOR DEBT MATURITY Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression .592 3 .197 7.228 .001* Residual .928 34 .027 Total 1.520 37 Table 4.1.4 developed the model in which square root of debt maturity was the dependant variable and the independent variables were log of asset maturity, firm size, and log of market to book ratio,  µ was the error term. TABLE 4.1.4: COEFFICIENT FOR DEBT MATURITY Model 1 Unstandardized Coefficients Collinearity Statistics B t Sig VIF (Constant) -0.733 -2.434 0.020 ln_assmt 0.266 4.063 0.000 1.055 Firm size 0.041 2.097 0.043 1.048 ln_mkttobv -0.055 -1.311 0.198 1.045 Sqrt_dema = -0.733 + 0.266*ln_assmt +  µ Sqrt_dema = -0.733 + 0.041* Size +  µ Sqrt_dema = -0.733 0.055*ln_mkttobv +  µ Debt maturity was significant and positively related to asset maturity in this model and if it changed by 1 unit then asset maturity increased by 0.266 this result supported by (Hart and Moore 1994), (Shah and khan 2005), and (Myers 1977). Firm size was significant but showed mixed positive support for debt maturity in this model and it increased by 0.041; this was supported by (Myers 1977), (Hoven and Mauer 1996), (Barnea, Haugen, and Senbet 1980); and growth options (market to book value ratio) was insignificant in this model and inversely related to debt maturity, and it decreased by 0.055; this result was consistent w ith results of (Diamond 1991), (Titman 1992), (Myers 1977), and (Barclay and Smith 1995 ). 4.2 Hypotheses assessment summary The hypotheses of the study were distinctive financial characteristics and which had a significant impact on debt maturity structure. These financial characteristics were asset maturity, firm size, and market to book value ratio. In this study each the financial characteristic tested and concluded the results. TABLE 4.2.1 : Hypotheses Assessment Summary S.NO. Hypotheses R Square Coefficients Sig. 0.05 RESULT H1 There was a positive impact of asset maturity on Debt maturity. 0.389 0.266 0.000 Accepted H2 There was a positive impact of Firm Size on Debt maturity. 0.389 0.041 0.043 Accepted H3 There was an inverse impact of Market to Book Ratio on Debt maturity. 0.389 -0.055 0.198 Accepted This study contained research hypotheses which were, debt maturity had a positive impact on asset maturity supported by (Hart and Moore 1994), (Shah and khan 2005), and (Myers 1977), debt maturity had a positive impact on firm size supported by (Myers 1977), (Hoven and Mauer 1996), (Barnea, Haugen, and Senbet 1980); debt maturity had a inverse impact on growth options (market to book value ratio) supported by (Diamond 1991), (Titman 1992), (Myers 1977), and (Barclay and Smith 1995). CHAPTER 05 DISCUSSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, FUTURE RESEARCH AND CONCLUSIONS In this study, multiple linear regression analysis exercised to examine data collected from listed Pakistani non-financial firms for period 2003-08. Regression analysis used to measure the long term debt employed by non-financial firms. Debt maturity had taken as a dependent variable in this study where as asset maturity, firm size, and market to book value ratio were independent variables to measure their effect on debt maturity structure. 5.1 Conclusion This study concluded that the most important variables were debt maturity, and asset maturity. According to this study, these variables were most important in the prediction/ anticipation of maturity structure of firms asset and liabilities. According to this study, asset maturity played important part for the model to predict the debt maturity structure. Asset maturity was positively impacted by debt maturity. This study confirmed matching principle by showing that slower asset depreciation resulted in longer debt maturity. These results were also supported by Hart and Moore (1994). Firm size was also one of the important variables for this study, this study found out only little evidence for the agency cost aspect that debt maturity used to restrict the conflicts of interest between share holders and debt holders, these results were matching with the study conducted by Hoven and Mauer (1996). These results were varied in various countries, because there had been dissimilarity in environments and circumstances. Though firms made decision accordingly, it also showed that smaller firms employed shorter term debt then longer term debt, which was consistent with the results of Shah and khan (2005). There was an acceptance that growth (market-to-book ratio of assets) should be inversely correlated to debt maturity in the agency/contracting costs perspective in this research, which was supported by Titman (1992). 5.2 Discussion All variables were considered to be in line with the literature, however, based on regression coefficients shown by many variables along with dependency problem, the final model comprised of independent variables; asset maturity, and firm size had significant value of less than 0.05 which suggests that these variables had significant impact on the debt maturity of non-financial firms listed on KSE-100 index. On the other hand, results also revealed that market to book value ratio had significant value greater than 0.05 therefore it might not necessarily lead to an impact on non-financial firms listed on KSE-100 index. 5.3 Implications and Recommendations This research was limited to the non-financial companies listed on KSE-100 index. The data had taken from 58 non-financial firms for the year 2003-08. It was suggested that such type of study should be carried out in other countries of Asia as well, as to comprehensive idea about the debt maturity structure. Moreover, it also suggested that other factors except ones examined in this study should be researched as to perfect idea about the debt maturity structure. Besides that, this study could also be replicated in other developing countries. CHAPTER 06 REFRENCES