Developing Emotional Intelligence (EI) Essay - 2127 Words

This paper defined Emotional Quotient (EQ) and Emotional Intelligence (EI) and differentiated between the two terms often used interchangeably in papers to be synonymous for emotional intelligence. Businesses benefited greatly when employees utilized soft skills such as emotional intelligence, displayed a positive disposition and were able to work in healthier, more productive work environments. These competences were developed through self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and social-relationship management. The four elements were described in the Competency Based model by Daniel Goleman and Richard Boyatzis. Not all employees exhibited the same level or maturity of emotional Intelligence. Identification, development and†¦show more content†¦Those with interpersonal intelligence are more cued into other’s emotions and respond appropriately to their well-being. Elizabeth Guss described the hallmark of emotional intelligent people as those that others want to be around because they present positive interaction and make others feel good to be around them (Guss, 2005). This paper will define and differentiate between the terms Emotional Quotient (EQ) and Emotional Intelligence (EI) and touch on the importance of having these skillsets. The focus will allow one to build skillsets for increased emotional awareness by identifying the emotional impact stress has on one’s health as well as the health of others, by balancing our emotions, better communication will result and aid in conflict resolution. The attributes in the Competency based model by Daniel Goleman and Richard Boyatzis will be explained. Five key skills will be identified and defined for developing emotional intelligence. Last, the benefits of increased productivity as a result of having employees with good EQ skill sets. Review of the Literature EQ versus EI The two terms, Emotional Quotient and Emotional Intelligence have inaccurately become synonymous for emotional intelligence and used interchangeably. The distinction between them is Emotional Intelligence (EI) is innate or inborn potential and Emotional Quotient (EQ) is the measurement of the behavior. Babies are born with socialization and are receptive to â€Å"emotional sensitivity,Show MoreRelatedUnemployment And Underemployment Of College Graduates1072 Words   |  5 Pagesreport indicated that less jobs required general intelligence associated intelligence quotient (Shierholz et al., 2014, Para 4). Employers may demand a new skill set. BUSINESS AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE Importance of Emotional Intelligence Demand for teaching college students with a new skill set has increased among college educators. Learning and developing hard skills such as technical and cognitive skills is important; however, learning and developing soft skills are as much important. Liptak (2005)Read MoreThe Theory Of Emotional Intelligence1359 Words   |  6 Pagesway, or did they learn it along the way? Emotional Intelligence Theory attempts to answer all of these questions, and gives the rest of us a guideline on how to scale that emotional intelligence ladder. This analysis will look at the genesis of EI theory, review the applications within the school system and the workplace, and discuss how it affects to the social work practice. History Philosophers throughout the ages have hinted at emotional intelligence, but it was two American Psychologists, PeterRead MoreEmotional Intelligence : Can It Be Taught At Distance Learning Mba Programs?1055 Words   |  5 PagesEmotional Intelligence Students Name University Name, Course Number Emotional Intelligence: Can it be taught in Distance Learning MBA Programs? Today, managers need more than just top notch technical and intellectual skills. Leaders in healthcare, business and technology are learning that successful managers need high Emotional Quotient (EQ) or Emotional Intelligence (EI) to work effectively. This paper will define EQ and EI and then explore why these skills improve workplace functioningRead MorePersonal Reflection On Emotional Intelligence1640 Words   |  7 Pages[Type text] [Type text] [Type text] Rodha Albaker INM407 Reflective Essay Emotional Intelligence- Personal Reflection Introduction and Definition of EI The topic of our group presentation was Emotional Intelligence (EI), a term that refers to the convergence of emotion and intelligence; that is, the ability to recognise one s own emotions and the emotions of others. According to Mayer and Geher (1996). There are physical cues (such as facial expressions and posture) that are universally-acceptedRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Human Resource Management1144 Words   |  5 PagesIn the past years, many people have written about emotional intelligence role in the workplace. Experts belong to emotional intelligence (EI) field provides many models and definitions to understand the concept and meaning of emotional intelligence and its effects on individual’s (Employees, managers, supervisors) performance. As the world is becoming organizational world and as the time passes change is occurring in almost every field. Thus Organizations (public and private sector) have to manageRead MoreWhat ´s Emotional Intelligence? Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesFormally, Emotional Intelligence, commonly abbreviated as EI is defined as the capacity to reason of and about emotion so as to enhance reasoning or rather thinking. It is also defined as the capability of an individual to recognize and understand the meaning of emotions, their relations and use this information to reason critically and solve problems based on these emotions (Dann 78). The first Emotional Intelligence theory was initially developed by early psychologists back in the 1970s and 80sRead MoreEmotional Intelligence (Ei) Is A Topic That Has Not Been1647 Words   |  7 PagesEmotional intelligence (EI) is a topic that has not been completely explored because organisations do not see it as a current need, unless the role itself requires a measure. For this reason, it is a debated topic and still being researched. This essay will analyse the value of testing emotional intelligence during the employee selection process, its benefits and drawbacks, and the implications for the organisations to ensure testing emotional intelligence is valuable. In terms of employee selectionRead MoreEmotional Intelligence : An Effective Leadership Skills Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence (EI) is having the ability to recognize, perceive, control, and evaluate one’s emotions. EI is also the ability to see how one’s emotions affect others (Marquis Huston, 2012; Mindtool, 1996-2015). In the healthcare landscape of today, effective leadership skills are critical to an organization. High EI is a skill that effective leaders possess (Sadri, 2012). When a leader has a high EI, they have a clear understanding of their strengths and weaknessesRead MoreRelationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Transformational Leadership Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy by Mandell and Pherwani (2003), the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and transformational leadership style was examined in order to determine whether EI scores could be used to predict transformational leadership style. In addition, gender differences in the relationship between EI and transformational leadership were examined to determine if there is a signif icant interaction of gender and emotional intelligence. This research is important, because transformational leadershipRead MoreThe Impact Of Emotional Intelligence On Leadership999 Words   |  4 PagesThe Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Leadership and Leadership development in the non-profit sector. Gone are the days of intelligence relating only to academia and the testing of the intelligence quotient (IQ). The 21st century brought about the introduction of â€Å"emotional intelligence† as an added skill set in a leader’s tool kit. Essentially, the ability be aware and manage one’s own emotions, the others emotions, and effectively applying that information to guide ones thinking and actions

A Day with Mr. Raines Essay Example

Essays on A Day with Mr. Raines Essay The paper "A Day with Mr. Raines" is an outstanding example of an essay on English.  Ã‚  Last weekend, I decided to interview one of my uncle’s friends, Mr. Michael Raines. He used to work with the United States Marine Corps. He left the service in 2009 and has been to Asia such as Japan, the Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos. I decided to interview him for this assignment because I would like to know his experiences on that side of the world. Mr. Raines was able to live in Japan because he went to boot camp for the United States Marine Corps in that country. He had just graduated from high school then. Japan made a big impression on him. It was then that he became interested in Asia. Eventually, he married a Filipina and lives in the Philippines for three years. During his stay there, he and his wife were asked assigned by their employer for six months in Thailand. It was this trip that gave him a chance to go to Cambodia and Laos, which were reachable by land trave l. For employment and purposes, Mr. Raines was required to go to the two countries to process his visa. He only stayed in the two countries for one to two days and regrets not being able to see the famous sites there. Mr. Raines said that his experience in these Southeast Asian countries were eye-openers because the cultures were very different from American culture. For one, he shared that families find it pleasing to live together in one home. Unlike in America where children are eager to live on their own once they reach eighteen, sons and daughters who are twenty and above can be found still living with their parents and this is not looked down on. Another new experience for him was how people shared dishes together. In these countries, it was the norm to order or cook two or three dishes for sharing. It took a while for Mr. Raines to get used to all these changes. However, he said he would not trade them for anything else. He said his interest in Asia gave him the best gifts â €“ his wife and two children.

Affirmative Action Equality or Reverse Discrimination free essay sample

What is interesting however, is that I am equipped with my usual assume items: GAP my major, extra-curricular achievements, etc , and have the advantage of being mixed-race. As a dual citizen, I can better fit the diverse profile that firms today are seeking. The underlying issue is that these employers are facing pressure to hire individuals that increase the racial, gender, and economic background diversity of the company. Even though it might give me the slight preference I need, I reject the belief that these non- discrimination profiles should be met and instead support the claim that employers should not be constrained in their decision making. Hirers should select applicants without bias and match them with their job according to their own merit and character. Any affirmative action should not be based on gender nor race, but instead should be financially based in order to provide a fair chance for success. The purpose of affirmative action is to level the playing field; to ensure that no matter the race, gender, or economic disadvantage, there is an equal opportunity for everyone. In the context of the hiring process, it means that nobody should be overlooked due to those reasons. According to American philosopher Louis P. Pajama (1 998), there is a division in the overreaching topic of affirmative action. Pajama separates the topic into two classes: weak and strong affirmative action with the distinguishing factor being that weak action seeks equal opportunity whereas strong goes for equal results. This strong type of affirmative action looks to compensate for groups of people that have been oppressed in the past. The advancement of people within the same group that had been historically discriminated upon does not truly aid the issue because those that faced the oppression are not present any longer (Fingers, 1998, p. 88). Such action only furthers the discrimination. Relating this advancement to workplace hiring, employers are pressured to specifically hire minorities or females. In some cases, the employer can benefit financially from a diverse hire. Former Time magazine writer, Lisa Attacked Culled, who was born and grew up in Japan, acknowledges the strong possibility that she may have been a quota hire. She writes that her boss was known for his trend of hiring to increase diversity and that he did receive bonuses for doing so (Culled 2007). The argument is not that Culled or any of the other employees that were aired due to a non-merit reason were not qualified to earn their positions. The argument is that in the process of searching for diversity, reverse discrimination occurred when a whole subset of the population was overlooked due to aspects outside of their control. Stated by American philosopher and Professor Carl Cohen (2003), There is no ethnic preference that can be benign. What may seemingly aid in the erasure of prior discrimination ultimately leads to new, unwanted discrimination. The moral problem here is that if person A is discriminated upon, he is due compensation. However, person A should not be due compensation at the expense of person B. Moreover, preferential or compensatory hiring has an overall negative effect economically. In order to avoid lawsuits and to create an appropriate and respectful environment, companies have to go through a diversity training process (Bergman 2012). In a study on diversity training, researchers found that the negative effects were more than just economic. Management diversity itself has been found to be damaged when firms make the training mandatory. The data collected over 30 years amounted to annual losses of millions of dollars by the hundreds of companies observed. (Dobbin, Kale, Kelly, 2007). Using this information to support the original claim that hiring to meet a diversity profile, we can see the compounding effect of discrimination and how affirmative action for those racially or sexually discriminated upon can be detrimental to them as well. Hiring based on merit and character certainly has its economic advantages. Suppose you have person A and person B. Both have equal ability but person B has a higher skill level than person A. Therefore, you would hire person B because he/she would not impose the training cost that person A would. Also, the time that person A would spend training, person B could spend working Fingers, 1998, p. 282). Of course, the disadvantage to solely hiring based upon merit would be the lack of equality. People with higher skill levels would us episodes go to prestigious institutions with heavy financial requirements. Therefore the individual starting from a lower class family would not have the equal opportunity that someone from a well to do family would. This is where believe affirmative action should be used; regardless of race or gender. In todays world, believe a man and woman equally able to succeed given the same tools and resources. Instead of focusing on leveling the difference teen men and women, we should devote our attention to those resources and in doing so, advance both men and women Minorities and majorities. As a result, we could minimalism the ill effects of reverse discrimination. Promotion and hiring due to nepotism and familial relations is an inherently unfair advantage that decreases the legitimacy of that individuals merit. Nepotism shares similarities to hiring based on a diversity fueled agenda in that the job applicant may not be qualified for the position. However, nepotism differs in that the employer may have a greater knowledge Of the applicants character since they are related. This relation could result in Stability and continuation (Durham, 2014). This personal knowledge could indeed make the applicant more qualified than individuals who are not related to the employer even if they are equal in all other aspects. Therefore, deciding against nepotism is seemingly more difficult and should be taken case by case. In an eye-opening excerpt, Stanford alumni David Sacks and Peter Thiele co- wrote about how the Stanford University admission process had begun to rethink why they were racially discriminated to the benefit of minorities. .. Why should the under-qualified son of a black doctor displace the qualified daughter of a Vietnamese boat refugee? They asked (Sacks Thiele, 1998). College admissions is one of the biggest steps in creating equal opportunity for individuals since an education provides the skills that makes one qualified to be employed. My argument supports the movement for an affirmative action that is based more upon ones financial background and eliminating the related barriers. Strong affirmative action has its g oal as compensation for historical wrongdoings. Believe that this causes more discrimination for hose receiving the action as well as reverse discrimination for those whose opportunity is taken away from them.

The Administrator and or Mr. Henry Sy October 18, Essays

The Administrator and or Mr. Henry Sy October 18, 2015 Shoe Mart Aura Building Corner 26th st. C-5 Road,BGC, Brgy.Fort Bonifacio,Taguig City Dear Sir, Greetings in Christ gracious name. I am Pastor Ramyl Fernandez,legal age and a resident of Mini Park, Zone 7,Brgy. Fort Bonifacio,Taguig City. Sa biyaya ng Diyos ako po ay isa sa mga nagmamay ari ng mga bahay dyan sa may ibaba ng SM Aura Building. Sa totoo lang po,ang bahay po naming nasa gilid na ng kanal ay isa po sa naperwisyo nang lumaki na ang volume ng tubig na dumaloy tungo doon sa ibaba likha ng pagkabago ng mga daluyan diyan sa itaas dahil sa pagkakaroon ng SM Aura building.Pwede po kayong mangatwiran ng kung anu ano,pero di po ako makikipagkatwiranan pa.Maaaring indirect ang epekto sa amin,ngunit sa totoo lang sa pagkatayo ng SM Aura building ay talagang napinsala kami ng aking pamilya sa baha, lalo na noong mga unang buwan ng tag ulan after maitayo ang SM Aura building.Syempre wala po akong choice kundi ayusin sa sarili kong gastos,or else tiniis nalang namin ang baha, pero talagang grabe ang panalangin ko noon kung saan kukuha ng gagastusin,pero sa biyaya ni Lord,natugunan din at sa dahan dahan ay nahanapan ng paraan pero kulang kulang 80 thousands ang nagastos ko suma total.Alam kong barya lang po yan kay Idol Mr.Henry Sy,pero sa tulad ko mahirap na hagilapin yan. Sumulat po ako noon sa nasirang Kapitan Wilfredo Sayson,ngunit kinamatayan nalang niya ay di pa natugunan ang aking ipinaaabot sa SM Aura Management.Pero one month bago siya pumanaw ay nakapangako pa yon sa akin na kanyang ipaaabot sa SM Aura Mangement.Inisip ko noon na naipaabot na nya kaya naghihintay ako,pero wala namang kahit sinong kinatawan mula sa SM Aura na nagpasabi kaya inisip kong malamang di niya naipaabot sa pamunuan ng SM Aura. Nitong huli ay nalaman kong pati yaong mga may ari ng nasa pinakagilid na mga bahay ng sakop ng SM Aura building ay ipinabayaran pa ni Idol Mr. Henry Sy ng danyos perwisyos na kung tutuusin wala naman talagang pinsalang nalikha sa kanila ang SM Aura.Sa totoo lang po mas may karapatan akong magdemand ng danyos perwisyos kaysa kanila. Naka move on na po ako sa gastusan sa biyaya ni Lord.Wala na po akong demand na anuman,pero sana naman,kung binayaran yong mga di totoong napinsala,sana naman nagsuring maigi ang inyong mga kinatawan dito sa ibaba sa totoong napinsala.Ang layunin ko po sa liham na ito ay upang ipagbigay alam sa pamunuan ng SM Aura o kay Idol Mr. Henry Sy mismo ang mga bagay na ito.Pero kung sakali mang ilihim nyo nalang kay Idol Mr.Henry Sy,ay wala rin po akong choice kundi kay Lord Jesus nalang aasa. Salamat po sa pagbigay pansin.God bless you po. TrulyRespectfully Yours, Pastor Ramyl Fernandez The Administrator Shoe Mart Aura Corner 26th st. C5 road,Bonifacio Global City Brgy.Fort Bonifacio,Taguig City

Free Essays on Putting In Two Senses

Putting In Two Sense(s) It is said that being different is part of life, but as with many of these â€Å"parts of life,† there are two extremes on the spectrum of society: being able to hold your own and depending on society to hold your hand every step of the way. Many people may suspect that the latter group is made up of lazy, immature, and incompetent people. Though a certain percentage of these people may fit that description to a â€Å"t,† there are more than a few who are unable to control the characteristic(s) that place them in that group. The human body has been well equipped with five senses: sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste, most of which are vital to one’s survival. If one of the essential senses were to abruptly disappear, one’s everyday world would be turned upside down and dropped into a pool of chaos: everything familiar is suddenly strangely different and unknown. It seems that blindness and deafness are the two most often occurring â€Å"sense handicaps.† This being a common viewpoint, there has been much research done in the areas of defining what causes the disabilities, how to treat those that suffer from them, and, most importantly, how to help them adapt and assimilate to a world of people with the ability to hear and see. The choice of being blind or being deaf would be rather easy, once one realizes that, â€Å"The real problem with blindness is not the lack of eyesight. The real problem is the misunderstanding and lack of information which exist. If a blind person has proper training and opportunity, blindness is only a physical nuisance.† (National Federation of the Blind) Although blindness and deafness are both life altering disabilities, the blind are thought to be able to live a life that lets them become part of society, not form their own world. With services such as Canine Companions for Independence (CCI,) that train dogs specifically for blind people according to the amount of he... Free Essays on Putting In Two Senses Free Essays on Putting In Two Senses Putting In Two Sense(s) It is said that being different is part of life, but as with many of these â€Å"parts of life,† there are two extremes on the spectrum of society: being able to hold your own and depending on society to hold your hand every step of the way. Many people may suspect that the latter group is made up of lazy, immature, and incompetent people. Though a certain percentage of these people may fit that description to a â€Å"t,† there are more than a few who are unable to control the characteristic(s) that place them in that group. The human body has been well equipped with five senses: sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste, most of which are vital to one’s survival. If one of the essential senses were to abruptly disappear, one’s everyday world would be turned upside down and dropped into a pool of chaos: everything familiar is suddenly strangely different and unknown. It seems that blindness and deafness are the two most often occurring â€Å"sense handicaps.† This being a common viewpoint, there has been much research done in the areas of defining what causes the disabilities, how to treat those that suffer from them, and, most importantly, how to help them adapt and assimilate to a world of people with the ability to hear and see. The choice of being blind or being deaf would be rather easy, once one realizes that, â€Å"The real problem with blindness is not the lack of eyesight. The real problem is the misunderstanding and lack of information which exist. If a blind person has proper training and opportunity, blindness is only a physical nuisance.† (National Federation of the Blind) Although blindness and deafness are both life altering disabilities, the blind are thought to be able to live a life that lets them become part of society, not form their own world. With services such as Canine Companions for Independence (CCI,) that train dogs specifically for blind people according to the amount of he...

Alphadon - Facts and Figures

Alphadon - Facts and Figures Name: Alphadon (Greek for first tooth); pronounced AL-fah-don Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (70 million years ago) Size and Weight: About one foot long and 12 ounces Diet: Insects, fruit and small animals Distinguishing Characteristics: Long, prehensile tail; long hind legs About Alphadon As is the case with many of the early mammals of the Mesozoic Era, Alphadon is known primarily by its teeth, which peg it as one of the earliest marsupials (the non-placental mammals represented today by Australian kangaroos and koala bears). Appearance-wise, Alphadon probably resembled a small opossum, and despite its tiny size (only about three-quarters of a pound soaking wet) it was still one of the largest mammals of late Cretaceous North America. Befitting its small stature, paleontologists believe that Alphadon spent most of its time high up in trees, well out of the way of the stomping tyrannosaurs and titanosaurs of its ecosystem. At this point, you may be wondering how a prehistoric marsupial ended up in North America, of all places. Well, the fact is that even   modern marsupials arent restricted to Australia; opossums, to which Alphadon was related, are indigenous to both North and South America, although they had to reinvade the north about three million years ago, when the Central American Isthmus rose up and connected the two continents. (During the Cenozoic Era, after the demise of the dinosaurs, huge marsupials were thick on the ground in South America; before their extinction, a few stragglers managed to find their way via Antarctica to Australia, the only place today where you can find plus-sized pouched mammals.)

Anything Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Anything - Essay Example Such is the scenario currently where businesses have concentrated on personal gains at the expense of their customers’ service delivery. The Wall Street Greed tendency has been captured clearly by a scholar named Michael Douglas (Heesun, Page 10-45). Even though Douglas asserts that greed sometimes can benefit businesses whenever they serve their customers, he concurs that the very same greed only benefits a few individuals but only to a certain extent. The general argument by most Wall Street publishers is that if a business’s profits are highly based on the prosperity of its customers then the general assumption is that whatever is good for the customers must be good for the society. Such assertions form the basis of Wall Street Greed currently. Critics further argue that the Wall Street Greed, as exhibited today, is all about Wall Street itself (Heesun, Page 5-35). The interest of Wall Street has been totally separated from the interest of the society at large. Ethics forms the basis of any economic implications for the decisions made by businesses within the economy. There has been a shift in argument in the sense that initially assertions were that for any economic meltdown or any bailout involving larger amounts of the taxpayers’ money does not necessarily lie with the banks but rather it now revolves around the ethics and values embraced by the businesses within the economy. The Wall Street case has clearly shown that there is a major breakdown between the business activities and priorities of most organizations and the ethical values that should be attached to them (Heesun, Page 15-85). There has been a continuous disconnect between ethics and economic freedom. In most cases, individual perception on the available opportunities has significantly influenced the business decisions by most organizations. This has resulted in the individualistic

Ethics and special need kids Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ethics and special need kids - Research Proposal Example On the other hand, the same case applies to the perception of African American teachers towards white students and the course is the same. According to Oates (2003), positive disposition of teachers towards students tends to yield good results on the performance of the students. However, in the history of the U.S, there has been a notion that the African Americans have academic inferiority and that they lack diligence to perform. In another dimension, such notions have rendered the African Americans a low self esteem motive that makes them have a negative attitude about themselves in regard to their academic performance. Generally, although the African American students have equal opportunities in classroom in public schools, their performance is greatly affected by the context of their race and teachers’ perception (Oates, 2003). Conversely, the general place of African Americans in the American society also plays a critical role in explaining why the students cannot perform well in class. For instance, the perception that African Americans cannot secure good jobs in the U.S greatly affect their class performance because there is no guarantee that even after completing their studies they would get employed. Focusing on kids with special needs, it is apparent that the issue of racial discrimination fuels. ... In this regard, the perception of teachers towards African American kids with special needs is that their parents are incapable of taking care of the kids and that is why they are in their current conditions. For instance, a kid who cannot afford three daily meals tends to lack capacity to contemplate what they are taught in class. Mostly, such a kid comes from African American families. In another dimension, the perception by teachers that African American kids cannot perform better than the white kids has also played a key role on the continued underperformance by the kids. In light of this, teachers tend to focus most of their attention to white kids. A study conducted by Neal, et al (2003), found out that white kids are accorded much attention that African American students. For instance, teachers concentrate on areas they did not understand more compared to when it is the African American kids that raise the issue of lack of contemplation. Dee (2006) pointed out that, teachers p erceptions independently affect and influence academic performance via self-fulfilling beliefs and perceptual biases. In addition, if teachers are pleasant towards a certain student, they provide them with more effective and favorable instructions. The same case applies to situations where pleasant students portray poor problem solving skills, teachers guide them in a way that easily encourage them to develop good solving skills. This is centrally to situations where unpleasant students portray the same skills, teachers put little effort to encourage or correct them. In fact, Gay (2002) postulated that performance of students is in the mind of the teacher. They tend to evaluate students performance based on their perception about the students. In light of this, it is

Steam Distillation of Eugenol Essay Example for Free

Steam Distillation of Eugenol Essay Introduction: This experiment involves an extraction of a natural product using the techniques of steam distillation. The principle component of oil of cloves is an aromatic compound, which is identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Eugenol is widely used in dentistry, due to its analgesic, antiseptic balsamic qualities. It is ideal for curative for pulp hyperemia (the soft, sensitive substance underneath the enamel and dentine of a tooth) and pulp its. In dentistry eugenol is also used to cover cavities, fill canals, etc. It also keeps food fresh and kills off bacteria and viruses. Eugenol helps keep meat fresh and prevents stomach upset, diarrhea, and wound infections. In addition, it might play a part in relieving indigestion, controlling diarrhea, and healing cuts and bites. Eugenol is the main active ingredient in cloves. Procedure: 1. In a 250 mL round bottom flask, place 10.0g of ground cloves and 80 mL of water. Set up for a simple distillation 2. Heat to boiling and collect the distillate until you no longer see droplets of organic liquid coming out of the condenser (about 40 minutes). 3. Place the distillate in a separatory funnel and extract with three 10 mL portions of Dichloromethane 4. Combine the dichloromethane extracts and dry over Sodium Sulfate. 5. Examine the purity of the extract using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Spot a small sample of the extract using a capillary spotter about 1 cm from the end of TLC plate. 6. Visualize using a UV light and mark the visualized spots with a pencil. 7. Record the number of spots and the Rf values from the spot(s). 8. While the plate is developing set up a clean and dry distillation set up and distil off most of the dichloromethane solvent. 9. The remaining solution of Eugenol in Dichloromethane can be removed using a disposable pipette and placed into a clean pre-weighted vial. 10. The vial can be heated on a steam bath under the hood to remove the small amount of dichloromethane. 11. The pure Eugenol should be weighted to determine the percent oil recovered based on the mass of cloves originally used. Results: Density of Eugenol: 1.34 g/mL BP of Eugenol: 40Â °C Initial mass of Eugenol: 18.545 g Mass of vial: 18.0063 g Mass of Eugenol Oil: 18.434 g % Recovery = (18.545 g 18.434 g)/18.434 x 100 = 0.602% Thin layer chromatography: Rf=(Distance substance moved/Distance solvent moved) Rf=(4.2/5.1) Rf=(.824) Conclusion: The experiment was successful in that we did isolate eugenol as proven by thin layer chromatography. Our Rf value was somewhat high. This is probably because the beaker with the chloroform was not 100 % closed during the time we did the thin layer chromatography. Our watch glass was not 100% efficient. Also when we were heating the liquid in the condenser, heating the liquid at a rate too high could cause excess materials to come out in the final product. Other than that, human error is a concern. This can be minimized by careful observation, and proper procedure. Still, our percent error was under 1 percent, which is very favorable.

Essay --

Witch-hunts occurred throughout England for centuries, so it was no surprise that the witchcraft hysteria eventually reach colonial New England in the late seventeenth century, but this wave of fear was different from any other. Beginning with two young girls, witchcraft affected every person living in the New World and by the end, over twenty men and women were convicted of witchcraft, as well as entire communities living in constant fear of being touched by the Devil. Puritans, a group of English settlers, held strong beliefs about the Devil which sparked ideas of witchcraft among the Salem community. The austere Puritan lifestyle left little room for creativity, resulting in accusations against innocent people. Women, in addition to children, were inferior and considered weak; it was believed that Satan used them to carry out his wishes, and as a result, these people became witches. The severity of Puritan religious beliefs indirectly caused the witchcraft hysteria to reach its p eak during the Salem Witch Trials. Prominent and influential among the colonies, mainly Massachusetts, Puritanism was not only a religion, but a lifestyle. Puritans left England in 1630, with the intent to reform the Church of England. These English Protestants were discontent on how the Church of England was run and they made it their mission to â€Å"purify† and eliminate the church of Catholic influences, as well as â€Å"invigorate daily practices of religion.† Overall, Puritans desired â€Å"England to be reformed as John Calvin (1509-1564) had reformed Geneva (Hall, 21).† By moving to New England, Puritans had the freedom to establish their own religious authority. Puritanism controlled every activity in order to maintain a constant unity between people and Go... ...ities. â€Å"Young women at that time had nothing at all to feed their imaginations. There were no fairy tales or stories, no art, theater, or classical music (Kallen 23).† In addition to restrictions of childhood, extreme pressure was placed on children to remain pure or suffer the potential punishments from the Devil. At young ages, fear was planted in children’s minds causing hyperawareness of Satan’s wrath to frighten a child’s consciousness (Hall 23). The combination of fear, lack of imaginative outlets, and pressures on children were catalysts to the uproar of witches and witchcraft. With little ability and opportunity to express any behavior other than obedience, it was understandable that young Abigail Williams and Betty Paris claimed that they were possessed by witches, and in turn, these accusations engulfed the entire settlement of Salem into the hysteria.

Analysis of Mood in Porphyria’s Lover

Erin Brewton Rosemary Royston ENGL 2601 21 October 2012 Mood in Porphyria’s Lover Robert Browning uses powerful moments of personification and imagery that linger in a reader’s mind. However, the one craft that truly stands out is the mood of the poem. Browning uses specific word choice, imagery, and tone to shape the mood into what can best be described as haunting. Given the topic of the piece, the reaction to find the piece haunting only seems natural. But Browning uses some very interesting ways to make a reader slightly uncomfortable even before awareness is raised about the disturbing murder to follow.He also uses punctuation in the last few lines to capture the long-going uneasiness and blooming insanity of the work. After the first line of the poem, Browning begins to use personification, telling us â€Å"The sullen wind was soon awake, / It tore the elm-tops down for spite, / And did its worst to vex the lake:† (Browning 2-4). The words chosen for person ifying the wind have clear negative connotations. Browning tells us that the wind is tearing down the tree tops just â€Å"for spite†, which acknowledges that the wind has a specific intent to hurt the trees.The lake is also being purposefully agitated by the wind. The aggressive nature of the wind is foreshadowing the strangling of Porphyria and certainly setting an unsettling mood from the very first lines of the poem. Porphyria enters the house and â€Å"from her form / Withdrew the dripping cloak and shawl, / And laid her soiled gloves by, untied / Her hat and let the damp hair fall† (Browning 10-13). The key words in these lines are â€Å"dripping† and â€Å"soiled†. Both of these words are purposefully used to represent Porphyria. The term soiled implies that she is in fact unfaithful. Dripping† could be taken in a couple of ways. Metaphorically, she could be dripping with dirtiness from sleeping with another man/other men. Literally, her cloa k and shawl are dripping, but this could also refer to specific bodily functions women encounter during intercourse. These very subtle word choices play an important role in setting the attitude towards Porphyria. The narrator has already stated that he was listening â€Å"with heart fit to break†, which suggests even before Porphyria walks in dripping with soiled gloves that she has done something terrible (Browning 5).The mood at this point is an uneasiness caused from the aggressive wind and relational tension between the narrator and his beloved. Porphyria calls for the narrator and he does not respond. Porphyria’s reaction to his unresponsiveness is racy for the 1800s: She put my arm about her waist, And made her smooth white shoulder bare, And all her yellow hair displaced, And, stooping, made my cheek lie there, And spread, o'er all, her yellow hair, Murmuring how she loved me — (Browning 16-21). The imagery here is what sets the mood; her â€Å"smooth w hite shoulder bare† and â€Å"yellow hair† falling against his cheek.The reader is given opportunity to imagine her voice murmuring into his ear. Through this strong imagery, the mood moves switches from aggressive to strictly discomforting, specifically due to the use of the word â€Å"murmuring†. In most contexts, murmuring is used when a large crowd is speaking all at once or there is some other type of soft constant noise. With that in mind, it can be noted that if Porphyria’s statements of love are simply background noise, the narrator must be listening intently to his own mind. This is the point in which the narrators’ negative mental state begins to reveal itself.The mood remains uncomfortable but added to that is a sense of suspense. After the narrator explains that Porphyria has good intent in loving him, but that she struggles with the surplus of passion within her, he â€Å"looked up at her eyes / Happy and proud; at last I knew / Porphy ria worshiped me† (Browning 31-33). The fact that he believes Porphyria worships him would suggest some form of narcissistic disorder on the part of the narrator. After the narrator has allowed readers into this part of his mind, there is no question that he is not mentally stable.Readers may be slightly more uneasy, almost to the point of anxiousness, being inside the mind of an unstable man. However, the narrator’s tone is very matter of fact, which subdues the mood to a tolerable ache of emotional discomfort. The narrator states â€Å"That moment she was mine, mine, fair, / Perfectly pure and good† (Browning 36-37), and after such realization, he decides that in order to preserve this moment, he needs to take action. He gathers â€Å"all her hair / In one long yellow string I wound / Three times her little throat around, / And strangled her† (Browning 38-41).In this specific moment, imagery is not to thank for setting the mood. It is Browning’s t one that acknowledges the lack of emotion whilst a man is strangling his lover. The narrator voices no anger, nor bestows Porphyria with any compliments of beauty or character during the actual event of her strangling. After she is dead, the narrator voices no remorse, and even tells himself â€Å"No pain felt she; / I am quite sure she felt no pain. / As a shut bud that holds a bee† (Browning 41-43). The narrators streaming thoughts of insanity continue when he â€Å"warily oped her lids: again / Laughed the blue eyes without a stain. And I untightened next the tress / About her neck† (Browning 44-47). Porphyria’s dead eyes are still alive to him, but now they are pure (without a stain). The mood is set by the unusually calm tone paired with such a tragic and horrific event. Some readers may choose to feel the calm expressed by the tone, or some may choose to feel the disgust and anxiety expressed by the text. One of the most interesting ways that Browning crea tes a mood of insanity is in his use of exclamation points.The narrator speaks of Porphyria’s â€Å"smiling rosy little head† resting upon his shoulder, and claims it is â€Å"glad it has its utmost will, / That all it scorned at once is fled† (Browning 52-54). In the next line, Browning includes his usage of punctuation by writing â€Å"And I, its love, am gained instead! † (Browning 55). The narrator is genuinely ecstatic that Porphyria can have him, instead of struggling with trying to deny herself her passionate pleasures. To him, he is the greatest prize, which reinforces the idea that the narrator is narcissistic.Through this realization in a reader’s mind, the mood of insanity is cemented, since the monotonous and unexcited tone used by Browning changes into a tone that is content and happy despite the narrator’s horrible crime. The last three lines of this work read: â€Å"And thus we sit together now, / And all night long we have n ot stirred, / And yet God has not said a word! † (Browning 58-60). Imagery and punctuation are key in these lines. The reader is previously drawn a clear picture of Porphyria, blushing red with her unstained eyes and wet, damp, yellow hair, resting on the narrators’ shoulder.The mood gathered from â€Å"all night long we have not stirred† in this context is simply an extension of the illogical kind of insanity that has already formed. The narrator is, according to the exclamation point, in awe that God has not spoken up about his indecent actions. The building sentiment of insanity has reached its peak in this last punctuation mark. As a poet, Browning understands that by putting an audience in the mind of a sociopathic narrator, he is making the audience complicit to the crime.To this end, Browning uses several tools to create a mood of uneasiness, discomfort, and insanity from its early stages of introduction to its grand finale. The mood of uneasiness is essen tial to capture the mental state of the narrator. Further, Browning uses the lack of conscience in his narrator to heighten the discomfort of his audience. Imagery, personification, word choice, and punctuation all greatly assist in pushing the audience to feel a certain way throughout the work. Works Cited Browning, Robert. Porphyria’s Lover.

A Person Who I Admire

A person who I admire A person who I admire is an interesting topic. I believe you can admire more than one person. A typical admiration I have seen is when people boy, are admiring a very famous singer, actor etc. although it is typical, it is still a good admiration because you can use that person as your role model or idol. Fx. If your role model is a sportsman, then you can admire his performing skills, and maybe learn something from him or her. But trough my life I have admired many persons, friends, older people, teachers, etc.All these people have given me experiences and personal abilities which I have acquired with help from them. My opinion is that I cannot admire one person specially. When I admire someone I respect the person’s character. After my experience I also admire someone when I am in his presence. A person who can change a bad day to a good day, fx my mother. My mother is defiantly one of my top 3 list over admired persons. Just imagine without your mother you would not exist. Everyone should admire how housemothers are struggling to raise there children’s.I am indeed of her proud of my mother, it is because of her that I am that what I am today. When I always have been in a bad mood my mother opened up my minds to look at things in a different perspective. Fx when I has had a problem she shared her experiences with me and learned me to tackle every situation. Another important person who I likes to admire is my father. A father and a mother is an admirable couple that forms a basis of a children’s life. My parents are like advisers, I can talk to them when I need help.They are motivating me to achieve my goal. I promised myself when I grow older and start a family, i will tell my children’s about my childhood and how I admired my parents. At least my expectation for myself is that I can be a loved parent. I really hope that I will have the same kindness that my parents have. My parents taught me that I can have a good life in 2 ways. The first one is a life full of material comforts, good economy, good education, and high position in the society.The second one is life where you are satisfied with your life, and when you have a good family and good friends, but it doesn’t mean it is an opposite life where you live in extreme poorness you have some material comforts. But let’s say that you lose some money. Then you should not get sad and frustrated because there is something more important than money in our lives. I have a friend at my soccerteam. Once a time he told me about his childhood, and that before he came to Denmark he had lived in Afghanistan. He was 4 when he and his family escaped from war.He said that he lived a good life in Afghanistan. His father owned a company, and they have a good economic. But when the war started the family was forced to run away from the country. Now his father is a cleaner and his mother is on social society. But even though he had been th rough that he is still happy that he lives in peacefully Denmark. That’s a life my parents taught it is possible to live a life with happiness without being a millionaire. That is what I most admire my parents for, teaching me about life.I think every human on this planet should admire his parents and look up to them, am proud of being there child. Without my father I would not know how to be a man. No one can reprove me like my father. If a child grows up without a father he is missing some basic abilities. The same is if a girl child grows up without a mother something will be missing. My parents have done a lot to me, they have sacrified time, nerves, and energy just to raise me up, and I have not forgotten all that hard work. That’s why im not just admiring them but also respecting them when they are giving me orders.I am helping them with assignments. Finally I very appreciate them for after my opinion being the best parents for me. My parents are them who I admir e most, I don’t know exactly why but your parents will always be there for you. A friend or some other randomly people are not the same as your parents. When you admire you parents they are admiring you too, that’s maybe not the same to other people. You like them but maybe they don’t like you. Even when my parents die I will remember them in my mind and there soul and goodness will still be living in me.

Microtheme Essay Example

Microtheme Essay Example Microtheme Paper Microtheme Paper Surfing the web might harm your studies Surfing the web might harm your studies because it causes you to waste time. Whenever I go to study the first thing I do is open my computer. This harms my studies because I spend hours on Youths, socializing with friends, and I easily lose track of time. When Im surfing around on the Internet, even while studying, one of my main targets of interest is Youths. This is a streaming website where other users submit videos to be enjoyed by people, such as myself. I follow several people on Youths whom upload videos daily, due to this I can spend hours watching videos to make sure I dont miss anything. By the time Im done, most of the day will be gone and I have very little time to do anything else, such as study. Another distraction that harms my studies whilst on the Internet is socializing with friends through video games. When I get into a video game I usually play for a minimum of four hours before moving onto something else In my day. This is harmful to my studying because I waste a lot of time, and my eyes get very tired making it hard to read information. Whether Its watching videos on Youths, playing a game, or Just searching for information around a random topic that Interests me, I easily lose track of time. Vive been known to grab hold off topic and not let go until I find the information Im looking for or until my body finally tells me that Its far past bedtime. At first thought you may think this Is not a bad habit but the topics I choose are always irrelevant to studying. This Is detrimental because a lot of time gets wasted with no fruitful results In my studies. This Is why I believe surfing the web harms my studies. Microfiche By Cackled before moving onto something else in my day. This is harmful to my studying information. Whether its watching videos on Youths, playing a game, or Just reaching for information around a random topic that interests me, I easily lose track of time. Vive been known to grab hold of a topic and not let go until I find the information Im looking for or until my body finally tells me that its far past bedtime. At first thought you may think this is not a bad habit but the topics I choose are always irrelevant to studying. This is detrimental because a lot of time gets wasted with no fruitful results in my studies.

Why Healthcare Jobs Are On The Rise

Why Healthcare Jobs Are On The Rise The health care industry is booming and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future, offering good pay and job security. The expansion in health care jobs is due to several reasons. Those interested in pursuing a career in the healthcare field can find many opportunities for employment. The reasons for an increasing number of workers in the field is twofold. SEE ALSO:Â  Top 5 Overlooked and Rewarding Healthcare CareersIncreasing Job Opportunities in Health CareAccording to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the need for qualified health care workers in different sectors will increase by 19 percent by 2024. There are already 18.9 million individuals employed in the healthcare field, which is almost four million more than in 2005. This increase in the need for healthcare workers outpaces all other professions. Healthcare workers, as an average, also show a higher median income than other professions.America’s Aging PopulationSince the baby boomer generation started reac hing the age of 65 several years ago, the number of older Americans who require health care services has increased exponentially. In addition, life expectancies have jumped considerably. By 2050, men are expected to live to 80 and women to 86, according to Everyday Health. This increase of the number of senior citizens with longer lifespans adds to the need for health care workers across the board. In addition, as current healthcare worker retire, replacements are needed. From senior retirement homes and nursing centers to physicians, pharmacists, rehabilitation services and other workers, opportunities will expand for health care positions.More People Have Health InsuranceThe Affordable Care Act has allowed millions of persons to enroll in health insurance plans. Medicaid has also expanded in many states, allowing those previously without health insurance to be covered. Individuals can no longer be refused insurance coverage due to pre-existing conditions. This expansion lets many previously uninsured individuals seek health care treatments and adds to the need for healthcare workers.Health Care JobsAlthough all healthcare jobs are expected to grow over the years, the following jobs were chosen as some of the best jobs for growth outlook by 2022, according to a 2015 report on one website that rates jobs. These include audiologist, expected to grow by 34 percent, dental hygienist by 33 percent, dietician by 21 percent, physical therapist by 36 percent and medical records jobs by 22 percent. Other healthcare jobs are following suit in hospital, clinic and physician offices, home healthcare, nursing and assisted living situations and other areas.Healthcare jobs are growing, and it can be a good time to get into these professions for steady employment in the future. TheJobNetwork conducts job searches for you and sends listings to your email in the form of alerts, so you can choose the right job for you. All you do is fill out your qualifications and job interest s to sign up with TheJobNetwork, and you are on your way to a new job.

Children and video games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Children and video games - Essay Example Video games are commonly known as time wasters by parents and educational experts. Many educational experts define video games as tools that corrupt children's brains. However even with the studies video games also have positive impacts on children, these positive impacts include the development of the brain and increases the communicational levels of children. In the world, almost 80% of the children play video games at least once a month, some of them are addicted spending almost 13 hours of video games per week (8-12 years old). Those of the age 13-18 years spend fourteen hours a week playing video games, an hour more than those of 8-12 years old (metrics 2.0, 2007). In most cases, stopping the children from playing video games is difficult as video games are prominent in most of their lives. Past evidence proves that gaming has more advantages than disadvantages, especially in the development of the brain and improvement in the social life. When a child plays video games, his or her brain is in a real workout, many of the video games require the child to use a lot of skill in order to win through the levels. In this, the kids have the chance to engage the high level of thinking, skills not even in school. Some of these skills include gained when playing video games include, fine motor, hand-eye coordination, and spatial skills, following instructions and problem solving and logic. Children who play violent games have high levels of aggressive thoughts and are more violent, behaviors, and feelings.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells - Essay Example mstance, the development of fuel cells helps in reducing dependence on fossil fuels hence reducing the levels of toxic and poisonous emissions to the atmosphere. However, this form of energy exemplified by proton exchange membrane fuel cells has to compete with reliability, cost and energy efficiency with established energy sources. The commercialization of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells are closely related to vital materials considerations including performance, durability and cost. The major setback is to find a combination of materials that will give a valid outcome on the basis of the above three mentioned factors. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell is also referred to as the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. This is so because the name variant depends on the type of electrolyte employed in the model. When the membrane is conveniently hydrated, the fuel cell is referred to as the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. In this case, there is high conductivity of protons across the polymeric membrane. Various state of the art proton exchange membrane fuel cells have been developed. Exemplified by thinner membranes of less than 40 micrometers and smaller Pt/C electrodes, some fuel cells have been devised for cost reduction. However, these models have demonstrated significantly less operating time of close to 15, 000 hours. This called for the invention of an ion-conductive polymeric membrane as a gas electron barrier. This idea was first coined by William T. Grubb of the General Electric Company in 1955. Currently, the most widely employed membrane electrolyte is DuPont’s Nafion . This is because it possesses good chemical and mechanical stability in the challenging proton exchange membrane fuel cell environment. Basically, the physical structure of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell comprises of seven components. These are feeding channels, diffusion layers, catalytic layer in the anode, membrane; catalytic layer, diffusion layer and

Explain the principle behind the concept of ''General Average''. What Assignment

Explain the principle behind the concept of ''General Average''. What are the essential elements of the 'York-Antwerp Rules' that define a 'General Average' act - Assignment Example In 1864 the York Rules were developed and this was followed with the Antwerp York Rules of 1877. The York Antwerp Rules were the first codification of the General Average. The elements of the York Antwerp Rules include a common danger, voluntary jettison and effort to save must be successful. General Average has many applications including in marine insurance. Current issues with regard to the application of the General average relate to Piracy. The bone of contention is whether general average can be applied in a case of piracy. There exist guidelines that categorically state a situation in which piracy can be covered by the general average. According to Tetley (2000), the principle of GA (General Average) dates to as far back as 3000 years ago. The Rhodian law that was in existence at around this time embodied the principle of general advantage. The principle read in part that in an effort to make a ship to be light, merchandise may be thrown overboard. It goes ahead to state that, that which has been sacrificed (given) for the benefit of all, then, it shall be restored by the contributions of every one. Currently, a record of the Rhodian law is inexistent. The Roman Law is the only source that captures the Rhodian law. The Roman law was captured, expanded and repeated in the Roles of Oleron. The first English decision that has been recorded in reference to the principle of general average was in the year 1799. The first American decision was in 1798 (Tetley, 2000). This was a maritime law concept both in practice and in origin and it had a very restricted application. With time, the evolution of commerce led to the use of general average as a form of marine insurance. There was sharing of losses and risks during maritime ventures. The cargo owner had a right to claim for losses. The ship owner was also allowed to make claims for compensation for the losses that could not be attributed to his fault. The parties made so many

Youths Financial Knowledge Education In Malaysia Economics Essay

Youths Financial Knowledge Education In Malaysia Economics Essay CHAPTER 1 In the Introduction parts, the contents are breakdown into several subtopics. There are Financial Knowledge definition, background of research, justification, problem statement, research objective, research scope and limitation and organizational research. To better understanding of this study, under the background of research, there are three different types of scenario in Malaysia related to the topic which consist of Youths Financial Knowledge Education in Malaysia, The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Malaysia, and Youths Debt and Spending Pattern in Malaysia. 1.2 Defining Financial Knowledge Financial knowledge enable individuals to navigate the financial world make informed decisions about their money and minimize their chances of being misled on financial matters (Beal and Delpachitra, 2003). The need for financial literacy has become significant with the deregulation of financial markets and the easier access to credit as financial institutions compete strongly with each other for market share, the rapid growth in development and marketing of financial products, and the Governments encouragement for people to take more responsibility for their retirement incomes. According to Vitt et al. (2000), financial knowledge is defined as the ability to read, analyze, manage, and communicate about the personal financial conditions that affect material well-being. It includes the ability to discern financial choices, discuss money and financial issues without or despite discomfort, plan for the future, and respond competently to life events that affect everyday financial decisions, including events in the general economy. Hogarth (2002), described the consistencies in behavioral terms, stating that individuals who are financially literate are: 1) knowledgeable, educated, and informed on the issues of managing money and assets, banking, investments, credit, insurance, and taxes; 2) understand the basic concepts underlying the management of money and assets; and 3) use that knowledge and understanding to plan and implement financial decisions. In recent years, financial literacy has gained the attention of a wide range of major banking companies, government agencies, grass-roots consumer and community interest groups, and other organizations. Interested groups, including policymakers, are concerned that consumers lack a working knowledge of financial concepts and do not have the tools they need to make decisions most advantageous to their economic well-being. Such financial literacy deficiencies can affect an individuals or familys day-to-day money management and ability to save for long-term goals such as buying a home, seeking higher education, or financing retirement. Ineffective money management can also result in behaviors that make consumers vulnerable to severe financial crises. From a broader perspective, market operations and competitive forces are compromised when consumers do not have the skills to manage their finances effectively. Informed participants help create a more competitive, more efficient market. As knowledgeable consumers demand products that meet their short and long-term financial needs, providers compete to create products having the characteristics that best respond to those demands (Braunstein and Welch 2002). 1.2.1 The Importance of financial literacy Financial literacy is important at many levels. Certainly, it is most important for the individual who must make complex and expensive financial decisions on behalf of him/herself and of dependents (Mandell, 2006). The need for financial literacy has become increasingly significant with the deregulation of financial markets and the easier access to credit; the ready issue of credit cards; the rapid growth in marketing financial products and the Governments encouragement for its citizens to take more self-responsibility for their retirement incomes (Marcolin and Abraham, 2006). Students who lack financial knowledge have increased financial difficulties that continue into later years. It found that students with less financial knowledge had more negative opinions about finances and made more incorrect financial decisions. They pointed out that having a low level of financial knowledge limits students ability to make informed decisions (Ibrahim et al, 2009). The need for financial skills has grown rapidly over the last decade because financial markets have been deregulated and credit has become easier to obtain as financial institutions compete strongly with each other for market share. The ready availability of credit cards together with easier access to personal loans, interest free and other payment options, has led to an increase in spending on consumption and a rapid rise in both personal and household debt levels. Moreover, the development and marketing of financial products and services has grown rapidly (Beal and Delpachitra, 2003). The credit card indebtedness issues and bankruptcies have got serious attention from media. It is alarming that it was reported the majority of the individuals who went bankrupts were from the age between 20s and 30s (Arif, 2004). This might lead to stress and also might affect the productivity of future potential workers. Increasingly, most of the individuals are in charge of securing their own financial well-being after retirement. This can be shown by the shifting from defined contribution pensions, which makes todays workers have to decide on how much to save and also how to allocate their retirement wealth. Source: Malaysia Department of Insolvency (2010) The complexity of financial market had increasing and become more complex, and individuals are facing with proliferation of different kind of investment products. The opportunities of investment have been expanded beyond natural borders, which permit individuals to invest in different range of assets. However, the difficulties to navigate the new financial system and the consequences of mistake that probably can be devastating, it is seem that individual to be questioned of how well equipped do they have to make financial decision. The most important thing before financial decision to be made is that the individuals also to be questioned on how much do they know about economics and finance. Numerous factors have led to a complex, specialized financial services marketplace that requires consumers to be actively engaged if they are to manage their finances effectively. The forces of technology and market innovation, driven by increased competition, have resulted in a sophisticated industry in which consumers are offered a broad spectrum of services by a wide array of providers. Compelling consumer issues, such as the very visible issue of predatory lending, high levels of consumer debt, and low saving rates, have also added to the sense of urgency surrounding financial literacy. Other important demographic and market trends contributing to concerns include increased diversity of the population, resulting in households that may face language, cultural, or other barriers to establishing a banking relationship, expanded access to credit for younger populations, and increased employee responsibility for directing their own investments in employer-sponsored retirement and pension plans. 1.3 Background of research 1.3.1 Youths Financial Education in Malaysia The National Youth Development Policy of Malaysia defines youth as people aged between 15 and 40 years. Malaysias national education policy has been formulated in the context of the countrys aim to attain developed nation status by 2020. The education system has been reformed to ensure the development of a highly educated, highly skilled and strongly motivated professional workforce. Consumers can effectively participate in the economy if they are properly informed and have the requisite knowledge and skills. Enhancing the levels of financial literacy is being accorded high priority in many countries, including Malaysia due to the current environment of rapid change in technology, product innovation, deregulation and greater competition that have dramatically transformed the financial system. This new environment has created a greater need for consumers to be equipped with financial knowledge and skills to make sound financial decision and to promote consumer activism to drive competition, improve efficiency and performance of financial institution as well as enhance the potential for the economy to prosper (Lian, 2008). Bank Negara Malaysia has embarked some approach to enhance the financial capability of consumers, e.g. developing and disseminating educational materials financial products and services through booklets and websites. To raise the financial capability of consumers to enable them to make informed and confident decisions on financial matters, Bank Negara Malaysia initiated consumer education programmes for adults, including young adults, known as bankinginfo and insuranceinfo in 2003. These programmes are intents to: Promote greater understanding of, and more informed decision on financial products and services Enable consumers to have greater access to reliable information, thus able to take greater responsibility and management on their financial matters. Under the programme, youngsters are educated on a wide range of issues to equip them with the necessary knowledge ad skills to manage their financial matter effectively. The components of the programme are tailored to the level of understanding of each target group. These include knowledge and skills on: Planning Saving and budgeting Spending Buying tips and comparative shopping Financial products Features of financial products and services (banking, Islamic banking, insurance and takaful), risks and liabilities involved, salient terms and conditions as well as rights and responsibilities as a financial consumer Credit and debt Borrowing and debt management, and rights and responsibilities as borrowers and guarantors Risk management Basic insurance and insurance planning Market awareness Avenues for redress, illegal schemes, currency related matters, role and functions of financial players and credit bureau In the beginning of 2007, students aged 17 attending the compulsory National Service Programme are taught various aspects of financial management such as budgeting, managing spending by making smart financial choices and banking information to enable them to have a better appreciation of money management. Annually, a total of 120,000 students are involved in this programme (Lian, 2008). For institution of higher learning, the Credit Counseling and Debt Management Agency, which is a subsdiary of Bank Negara Malaysia, is collaborating with the public universities to incorporate the subject of Personal Finance into the curriculum. Once introduced, financial education with emphasis in personal finance will be provided as a mandatory subject to undergraduates from the age of 20 to 24 years old, with the aim of preparing graduates to face the challenges of managing their finance wisely at the start of their careers (Lian, 2008). While the Government is trying to put things in order to help us get out of the middle income trap to reach a high level income society, there is still a missing link. We need to start looking into a national strategy to help Malaysians improve their personal financial literacy and develop the necessary skills to keep their personal financial matters in the proper perspective. Financial literacy is important to everyone. Financial stress is not biased based on race, age, gender, marital status or different income groups. Just because a person might be below the middle-income group doesnt mean he or she may need financial education more than others. Just as likely, the children of wealthy parents need to be educated to maintain family wealth. Similar to reading and writing literacy, financial literacy is necessary to all. When a nation has a high level of financial literacy, it is easy to promote healthy financial ethics and values across different generations, from young to the old ( Yip, 2010). 1.3.2 The Use of ICT to Disseminate Personal financial knowledge in Malaysia. The Asia Pacific Region has experienced the rapid growth rate in ICT especially in telecommunication sector in the last couple of decades. The evidences can be shown, for instance in South Asia where the compound annual growth rates for fixed lines and cellular phones are 20% and 78% during the period of 1990 to 2000. The same progress can also be seen in the Central and South East Asian countries where the cellular penetration rate has increased significantly amid the relatively lower growth in the fixed line penetration rate. In addition, Asia region in general has also been largely supported by the enlargement of the Total factor Productivity (TFP) which increases about 1.65% per annum due to the rapid investment in telecommunication sector up to 2003. The business environment in the sector is showing the more promising environment given the independent role of the national telecommunication regulator in many countries and market liberalization which simultaneously give incentives for the new entrants to compete into the market (Rohman and Bohlin, 2010). The extent of the effects of ICT has been shown to vary between countries. In general, the developed countries have shown more significant positive effect on productivity growth compared to the developing countries. Initial study on ICT development in Malaysia based in the development of telecommunication infrastructure development and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, impacted a positive effect on the economy as a whole (Ramlan, 2001). Malaysia is preparing to be part of the Information Age in the new millennium by transforming itself towards a knowledge-based economy. Recognizing that ICT and multimedia will be the future enabling tool to increase the efficiency, productivity and competitiveness of the eonomy, various initiatives were taken to promote the use and development of IT during the review period. The National Information Technology Agenda (NITA) was formulated in 1996 to provide the framework for a coordinated and integrated approach in developing the strategic elements comprising human resource, info structure and IT based applications. To provide the catalyst for the expansion of IT and multimedia industries, the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) was launched (Ahmed, 2008). The decision to achieve a developed country status by the year 2020 using ICT as the vehicle is further strengthened by the development of MSC which is the national ICT initiative. Financial education website Duitsaku.com In line with the development of IT and the growing usage of computer among younger population, Bank Negara Malaysia in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, has created an interactive financial education website in October 2004, to enhance financial literacy among students. Students can participate in interactive financial games, contents, quizzes, financial calculations and other activities related to personal financial management. Currently, the website has attracted more than 85,000 members (Lian, 2008). The existence of ICT in real life is not only making human life easier, but also in the education perspective. ICT could spread out the financial knowledge to youth in an easier way. As many youth starts to use internet to browse the financial knowledge instead of playing online games, in such interactive website could provide youth a basic financial knowledge. The use of ICT to disseminate financial knowledge definitely will help in increasing the youth knowledge about financial thing. Therefore, the percentage of failure in managing such their personal finance in the future will be decrease. 1.3.3 Youths Debt and Spending Pattern in Malaysia There have been two clear shifts in the way Malaysians spent money over the last decade, the first being that they spent less on basic items like food and more on discretionary ones like restaurants, hotels and personal care. The second, their spending on services outpaced that on goods. These shifts in household spending reflect the fact that people grew more affluent over that period, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) said in its 2010 annual report. The main factor is the growing affluence of Malaysians, supported by the steady rise in disposable income and accumulation of wealth. Between 2004 and 2009, nominal per capital gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 6.8 per cent annually, with mean monthly gross household income rising by 4.4 per cent annually from RM 3,249 in 2004 to RM 4,025 in 2009. Favorable demographics were also a factor, given Malaysias relatively young and large working-age population. The younger set tends to spend more on non-essential goods and services. Greater financial deepening also played a role, with BNM explaining that greater access to credit allowed individuals to fund discretionary spending. In the period between 2000 and 2009, household debt grew at an annual rate of 13.5 per cent. Meanwhile, technological innovations encouraged consumer spending in areas like Internet services, mobile communication equipment, data services, cable television services and audio visual equipment. These trends in spending are, apparently, consistent with that observed in other countries. The trends also seem to indicate that as income rises, the share of expenditure on basic necessities tend to decline while that on services tends to increase, BNM said (Malaysiandailynews, 2011). The BNM report showed that between 2000 and 2009, Malaysian spending on discretionary items (such as restaurants and hotels, communications, recreation and culture) was particularly strong, followed by spending on miscellaneous goods and services (such as personal care, financial, insurance and other services). The share of these components of income-sensitive spending rose to 34.7 per cent of total household expenditure in 2009, from 26.5 per cent in 2000. In contrast, the proportion of household expenditure on basic necessities has declined gradually since 2002. Spending on food items as a share of total household expenditure fell to 21.8 per cent in 2009 from 24.1 per cent in 2000. Similarly, the average household spending on housing and utilities fell to 16.7 per cent in 2009 from 21.7 per cent in 2000 (Malaysiandailynews, 2011). Malaysias consumer lifestyle has been evolving and changing due, in part, to rising affluence and education levels. Malaysian also has a strong shopping fetish, especially during the weekends and on public holidays. However, the consumers comes in three categories: those whose purchasing power is high enough to go on periodic shopping sprees, people who shop for necessities, and bargain hunters (Pricewaterhouse Cooper, 2006). According to the Malaysian Communication a Multimedia Commission, the number of internet users in Malaysia reaches 9.9 million as of end 2004 and 13.2 million at the end of first quarter 2005, representing almost 39% of the nations total population in 2004. Internet shopping has gained popularity form 24% of internet users as a percentage of the Malaysian population in 2002 to 28% in 2003. At least one-third of internet users have purchased items online and the bulk o this spending went to consumers goods such as books, CDs, clothing and flowers (45%), computing product (18%), and travel products (7%) (Pricewaterhouse Cooper, 2006). In Malaysia, The Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the period January to March 2011 increased by  2.8 per cent  to 102.2 compared with that of 99.4 in the same period last year. When compared to the same month in 2010, the CPI for March registered an increase of 3.0 per cent from 99.4 to 102.4 and when compared with the previous month, the CPI increased by 0.1 per cent. The index for Food Non-Alcoholic Beverages and Non-Food for the month of March 2011 showed increases of 4.7 and 2.3 per cent respectively as compared to the same month in 2010. For the period January to March 2011, the index for Food Non-Alcoholic Beverages and Non-Food increased by 4.3 per cent and 2.2 per cent respectively. Comparison made to the previous month for Non-Food showed an increase of 0.1 per cent while the index for Food Non-Alcoholic Beverages remained unchanged at 103.7 (figure 1). The CPI for main group in Malaysia, for the year 2010-2011 is shown in appendix Moreover, the credit cards loan is another hot issue. In Malaysia credit cards were first introduced in the mid-1970s (Loke, 2007). At the early stage, credit cards were only issued to professionals or those considered successful businesspersons by card issuing companies. By the end of 1970s, an estimated 20,000 cards were issued. During that time, owning a credit card was considered a symbol of prestige. However, with the passage of time, eligibility criteria for obtaining credit cards have been increasingly relaxed. As a result, the number of cardholders reached to about three million by the turn of the last century. The proliferation of credit cardholders has brought an indiscriminate spending by users with many side effects. Many Malaysian consumers seem to display excessive buying behavior, commonly known as compulsive buying. Easy availability of credit and compulsive buying has led to many adverse consequences such as addiction to shopping and excessive debt (Ahmed et al, 2010 ). . Another noteworthy feature of card users in Malaysia is that they use the card to grant loans for themselves. It is easier to obtain credit cards in Malaysia rather than applying for personal loans, which requires the applicant to comply with more formalities like providing guarantors or collaterals. It was reported that outstanding debts from credit card holders amounted to RM15.719 billion by the year March 2009 (RM or Ringitt Malaysia is the local currency, 3.40 RM was approximately equal to 1 USD at the time of study). By the year 2009 outstanding credit card debts accounted for 1.35 percent of the total loans outstanding or 11.41 percent of the total consumer credit (Bank Negara Malaysia, 2009). On a more serious note, 6.43 percent of the outstanding debts had to be converted to non-performing loans. An alarming increase in the number of credit card holders seeking bankruptcy a proceeding over the years was also reported (Ahmed et al, 2010). 1.4 Justification The purpose of this paper is to review some of the factors that contribute in the use of ICT to disseminate personal financial knowledge on youths debt and spending behavior in Malaysia. The contribution of this paper may not just benefit of personal or individuals solely, it may also benefit institutions that provide Information ICT. Some of the young people in the country had well equipped about the financial knowledge, but some are not. By knowing such as young generation will be the future potential worker, it is suggested that they had a well equipped knowledge about financial thing. With the rapid changing of technology and complexity of financial products, the role of ICT in order to spread out the knowledge of financial related, here come problems when different people perceive the ICT contribution differently. This problem is critical to understand what are the factors that cause those youths views differently towards ICT in order to disseminate the personal financial knowledge and action can be taken to solve the problem in order to gain a better financial planning in the future time specifically on the youths debt and spending behavior. Hopefully, the result of this study will bring awareness on what are the factors that affect the use of ICT application to disseminate the personal financial knowledge. Besides, the ICT firm can take this golden opportunity to identify the factors that lead to the perception of youths to increase customer satisfaction towards the overall development of the ICT. Moreover, the government can take advantage of this study by understanding the reason that lead to youths perception on the use of ICT to disseminate personal financial knowledge and take action by implement some act to fix the situation. Thus, it can help them to manage their debt and spending properly to minimize any financial matter later on. It is also said to be benefit to the Malaysia country as the youths knowledge become higher can lead to the increasing of productivity in the country. With emphasis focused in the main issues on (objective), ICT will play its role to disseminate personal financial knowledge among youth and contribute substantial improvements on youth perception about the importance of financial knowledge on their debt and spending behavior. 1.5 Problem Statement In Malaysia, topics on personal finance are still considered minimal. If there are programs or activities on it, they were never addressed directly to the young consumers specifically those in between aged 15 to 40 years. There are a lot of credit card indebtness issues. The literature indicates that high school seniors are unprepared to deal with finances when they graduate. The emphasis in the high school curriculum is on preparation for college or on the acquisition of skills to obtain a job and to earn an income. The high school curriculum does not focus on how to effectively use the income in dealing with financial matters such as bank accounts, investments, mutual funds, mortgages, credit cards, loans, social security, insurance and taxes. Only if a student has taken a course in consumerism, finance or in economics while in high school would he or she be exposed to topics dealing with every day financial issues (Manton, 2006). With the emphasis of ICT being provided and the rapid changing in technology, as well as the proliferation of financial instruments and services in the market, the nature question on this study is Does ICT able to disseminate the following personal financial knowledge: budgeting knowledge, saving knowledge, spending knowledge, debt knowledge, and investment knowledge on youths debt and spending behavior? 1.6 Research Objective To measure the interest and capability of more financially sophisticated individuals to engage in personal financial planning and to identify reasons why individuals fail to plan appropriately This study is important to ensure that young generations are well equipped with at least basic knowledge of personal financial knowledge. The proliferation of financial services industry makes financial products are more complicated to be understood by novice customers. Knowing that this young generation will be part of future human capital, it is important that they are knowledgeable and are able to make decisions without imperiling their financial status (citation). To examine the extent to which personal financial knowledge were considered by youngsters to be value for their future debt and spending behavior. Generation Y has a relatively high level of disposable income, much of the research seems to indicate that Generation Y consumers have a low degree of financial literacy (Palmer, Pinto, and Parente, 2001). The new environment with rapid change in technology, product innovations, deregulation and greater competition, has created a greater need for consumers to be equipped with financial knowledge and skills to make sound financial decision and to promote consumer activism to drive competition, improve efficiency and performance of financial institutions as well as enhance the potential the economy to prosper (Lian, 2008). To explore which factors affect the most of youths attitude and behaviors to acquire financial knowledge by using ICT and how does ICT relates to these factors Categorized as one of the developed countries, Malaysia is not missed being one of the regions whereby financial literacy level is at the bottom end. Prior to millennium era, percentage of society knowledge on issues such as budgeting, saving, investing and insuring were minimal. There are so many books, seminars and institutions that provide information on basic financial management catering to those who want to improve their financial standing. In fact, financial institutions are actively promoting their range of services which include investment consultation and other areas attached with proper financial management. However, those who do read on the subject matter or seeking for professional advise are normally professionals, semiprofessionals or those who are familiar with money management. There are almost no programs or seminars targeting those of children and young adults. As a consequence, the familiarity level on finance among these young groups is very limited except for wh at they learned thru experience, family or even peers (Ibrahim et al, 2009). 1.7 Research Scope and Limitation The main purpose of this study is to examine the use of ICT to disseminate personal financial knowledge on youths debt and spending behavior in Malaysia. This paper will be more focus onto how does the youths perception on acquiring personal financial knowledge or financial literacy by using the ICT application. The distributions of questionnaires are the one that will be the primary data in this study. The questionnaire will be distributed to those target respondents based on youth age in Malaysia which is between 15 to 40 years old. In this study, 200 respondents will be randomly selected based on their difference in age, gender, race, marital status and educational level. For the study method tools, the questionnaires will be distributed among private and public university students in Malaysia. 1.8 Organizational Research The chapter 1 of the research project is introduction. In chapter one, it includes overview of chapter 1, research background and research questions, research objectives, significance and justification of the study, research scope and limitation, and organizational of research. While in chapter 2, dependent variable and independent variables will be the foundation to the building of theoretical frameworks and developing hypothesis. Literature review or past study will be used to build up chapter 2. Chapter 3 is the chapter of research methodology. At first, research framework and hypothesis are developed in order to predict the relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables. Then, it will follow by questionnaire development which is explaining how the questionnaires will be developed. The next elements in chapter 3 are sampling plan, data collection method and techniques of analysis.

Self-Inflicted Diseases :: Free Essays

Self-Inflicted Diseases Self-inflicted diseases are those in which a person's health is damaged by their own decisions and behaviour. These can be such things like smoking, alcohol, sunbathing, eating large quantities of fatty food. Also deliberate self-harm such as attempted suicide is classed as self-inflicted as it can cause major damage to body organs. Those who start smoking at a young age are highly likely to become addicted to nicotine. Smoking leads to a risk of developing mental and physical disease. This includes lung cancer, coronary heart disease and death through a stroke. Smoking also increases the chances of blood clotting. Nicotine also increases blood pressure and heart rate and thus the body's demand for oxygen, but carbon monoxide reduces the blood's ability to carry it. [IMAGE] Obesity can be self-inflicted by the following:  · Eating too many calories  · Lack of physical exercise  · Environmental factors  · Cultural factors  · Metabolism factors Obesity can cause heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, hernias, varicose veins and gallstones. Surgical operations are more risky for a patient with obesity because the amount of fat surrounding vital organs. [IMAGE] Self-Inflicted Sunbathing Sunbathing can cause blistering of the skin and increases the risk of developing skin cancer. This is self-inflicted if people do not take the precaution of sun cream, when in a hot climate. Heroin use [IMAGE] Heroin abuse can result in collapsed veins, bacterial infections of the blood vessels and heart valves, abscesses, other soft-tissue infections, and liver or kidney disease. Heroin is a self-inflicted disease because it is impossible to judge the purity of street heroin and death is caused through an overdose. Suicide Suicide is ranked the 10th most common form of death. There are around 40,000 suicides per year. [IMAGE] [IMAGE] Suicide is committed due to depressions, family or pet bereavement, divorce, social isolation or psychiatric illnesses. Suicide is self-inflicted because the person attempts to take his/her own life.

Hemingway (Sun Also Rises) and Fitzgerald (Great Gatsby) Essay

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises both define the culture of the 1920s through the behaviors and thoughts of their characters. The characters in both novels have a sense of sadness and emptiness, which they resolve through sex and alcohol. This can be attributed to the disillusionment surrounding the Great War, better known as World War I. Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby represents the Jazz Age and high life of the 1920s, in contrast to Brett Ashley as the New Woman of the 1920s and Jake Barnes’s embodiment of the Lost Generation in Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises. The Great Gatsby illustrated people reaching for the â€Å"American Dream.† The Sun Also Rises instills a â€Å"permanent emotion,† what many members of the â€Å"Lost Generation† searched for, into the reader by presenting a sense of nostalgia for the better past. Fitzgerald’s 1920s was full of life, flappers, money, alcohol and jazz. It was a time of happy spirits, never ending wealth and the American Dream. Many believed that through hard work and perseverance one could be as rich as they wanted. One could own a mansion and a car and the latest fashions and live the high life. The flapper, a major symbol of the 1920s, wore their hair short and bobbed, make-up that was applied in public, and baggy short dresses that exposed skin. She thought fast, talked fast and was perhaps even a bit brazen. â€Å"They’re all desperadoes, these kids, all of them with any life in their veins; the girls as well as the boys; maybe more than the boys.†(Fabian) Money encompassed the spirit of the times. It represented the pop life, modern days, happiness and the American Dream and everybody wanted it. It seemed that there was not a soul who was not fashionably chic and dressed like they were rich. Everybody drank alcohol even though it was illegal; a party in a Harlem nightclub wouldn’t be as much fun without alcohol. Who couldn’t resist the sweet upbeat tunes of jazz music flowing through brass instruments? â€Å"†¦Jazz is a joyous revolt from convention, custom, authority, boredom, even sorrow.†(Rogers) Originally, jazz sprang from the African-American culture, but the young people of the 1920s adopted the music and even began playing it themselves. Dances such as the Charleston, Black Bottom, the Shimmy, and Fox Trot, were invented to accompany the upbeat music. (Watson) All of these elements are included in The Great Gatsby. Jay Gatsby in Fitzgerald’s novel is the archetype male of the 1920s. He has it all: money, a handsome figure, a mansion, a cream-colored automobile, British lingo, and some sort of inexplicable charm about him. He is new money living in West Egg. Yet despite his lavish parties and impressive mansion he is never be accepted by those who live in East Egg, where old money lives. The West Egg and East Egg are peninsulas that are a mere few miles apart where the only separation is the bay. (Fitzgerald) Fitzgerald’s peninsulas represent the same gap many Americans had to face in the 1920s. The two peninsulas are so close that Gatsby is able to see the green light coming from the Buchanan’s dock yet he cannot take hold of the light because he isn’t allowed to be a part of the society of Daisy Buchanan, his unattainable love who is married to Tom Buchanan. Fitzgerald uses Gatsby to focus on the American dream. It is his undying hope. Gatsby believes soon he will be able to be part of Daisy’s life. His optimism is so strong that in response to Nick Carraway’s comment â€Å"You can’t repeat the past,† he says, â€Å"Can’t repeat the past? Why of course you can!†(Fitzgerald) He believes he can make anything happen. Even his disastrous end is caused by not himself but those who did not want him to succeed. Just as the American Dream was the central part of life in the 1920s so it is in The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald both as a writer and a man understood the American Dream and its risks and rewards. Fitzgerald had lived the American Dream. He, just like Gatsby, had desired an unattainable love whom he couldn’t have until he was rich and successful. The 1920s was the dawning of the American materialistic age and where acceptance and wealth were of the utmost importance. It is the idea that still exists today in American culture. Fitzgerald also describes the careless and senseless parties that took place during his time, similar to the parties Gatsby had. It was all about the money and if one couldn’t have it, one would turn to sex and alcohol. (Sklar) Hemingway’s experience of the 1920s was almost the opposite of Fitzgerald’s. Sex and a great deal of alcoholism were apparent and were used to subdue the everlasting sadness caused by World War I. The young men went to war between  the ages of 18 and 25, when they would have normally become civilized. Many of these people lived to find a permanent emotion or nostalgia after living through the disillusionment of the Great War. Paris was the expatriate capital. It was where the boldest modernists were. Many Americans who survived the war wanted to escape the newfound materialistic life and traveled to Paris and other major cities in Europe. Gertrude Stein called these people the Lost Generation and invented the term. Many were writers, artists and creative thinkers, including Hemingway. Many had hoped to experience their very own bohemian and artistic being in Paris. Though the term first came to apply to those who had just come out of the war, the Lost Generation gradually became all American expatriates and in particular those with artistic and literary preferences. Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises expresses the uncivilized and aimless Americans who lived in Paris, and later Pamplona, Spain, who personified the term Lost Generation. (Mills) Lady Brett Ashley and Jake Barnes are two characters that display the qualities of the Lost Generation. Brett is seen as a â€Å"New Woman† of the 1920s. Jake describes her hair being brushed back â€Å"like a boy’.† (Hemingway) She is trapped amid two styles of gender depictions: that of the â€Å"woman on a platform† and that of the independent and sexually liberated â€Å"contemporary women†. In contrast to flappers, â€Å"New Women† were educated and a product of an industrialized city. Brett values her body and doesn’t believe in the value of a family. Brett is single and carelessly sleeps around with other men. She snubs feminine models of cleanliness, faithfulness, and obedience. Instead Brett insists on sexual independence and self-expression while ignoring the rules of a patriarchal marriage. Robert Cohen, a recent lover of Brett’s, comments she is Circe, turns men into pigs and controls them using sex and simulated lov e. This later turns the men against each other. Brett is seen as a threat to the social order of her group of which she is the only female. (Hemingway) Jake, out of all the characters in the novel, is the most civilized character and is usually embarrassed by his friends. He is still a member of the Lost Generation yet he is more civilized than the others. To compensate for his more civilized nature he constantly drinks alcohol, which was how much of  the Lost Generation spent their time. He is also the modern protagonist in the novel. He is an American and a contemporary man who has seen through the political and nationalist front wall of the war to assured facts about modern hostility embodied by World War One. Jake’s war injury, genital injury, represents the impotence of modernity and a media-flooded ethical and religious alienation. Jake’s infertility juxtaposed to Spain’s fertile country allude to the clichà ©d idea of the 1920s of a lost legitimacy or completeness such as bullfighting and boxing. Jake’s wild interest in bullfighting is a part of his search for the permanent emotion that he searches for as well as Hemingway did. He carries nostalgia of how good life was before his war injury and wishes he could return to the past. (Finnegan) While Hemingway put much of himself into Jake’s character, he resented the women of the Lost Generation. He correctly characterized the people and culture of the 1920s by making the nature of the characters in his novel intolerable and primitive. He made the novel self-conscious of the primitive images it presents, knowing they are a modernist clichà © of his time. Just like much of the Lost Generation, Hemingway searched for a pure style that would permanently capture an emotion. This was also considered as â€Å"a civilized nostalgia for a barbaric world of tragedy and triumph.† This deep â€Å"reactionary level of thought† can be seen throughout The Sun Also Rises and the Lost Generation. (Finnegan) The two novels focus on American life since after the Great War Americans held a new philosophy of materialism that Europeans did not. Americans started to believe that the more property that was owned the better their chances of succeeding economically and socially. Because of this newfound materialism, many writers including Hemingway and Fitzgerald, were attracted to Americans. It was the Americans’ belief in the American Dream and the feeling of no place in the world and continual circling of the world, the Lost Generation, that influenced the characters’ decisions and actions in both novels hence the names The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises. Fitzgerald titled his novel The Great Gatsby for the reason of Gatsby’s never ending optimism as Hemingway titled his novel The Sun Also Rises to allude to the excerpt of Ecclesiastes he placed at the beginning of the  novel, â€Å"The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth gown, and hasteth to the place where he ar ose.† (Hemingway) Hemingway used The main difference between Fitzgerald and Hemingway, as well as they way they thought and wrote, is that Fitzgerald avoided war service while Hemingway served the Italian army and encountered a near death experience. If one were to try to learn about the people of the 1920’s through a textbook they would not learn the people’s behavior and general attitudes on life in general. One wouldn’t be able to be captured by that permanent emotion Hemingway constantly searched for and one couldn’t experience the struggles of Fitzgerald’s American Dream. One couldn’t experience the new revolutionary modern way of writing that Fitzgerald and Hemingway had impressively presented. Works Cited Jim Finnegan. The Sun Also Rises (1926) Lecture Notes (Last Day of Discussion). Fall 2001. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. http://www2.english.uiuc.edu/finnegan/English%20251/sunrises.html> November 28, 2004 Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Collier Books Macmillan Publishing Company, 1925. Flaming Youth. Warner Fabian. John Francis Dillon. 1923. Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York: Collier Books Macmillan Publishing Company, 1926. Ian C. Mills. Hemingway’s Paris. 1998-1999. DiscoverFrance.net. Rogers, J.A. â€Å"Jazz at Home.† The Survey Graphic. 1925 Sklar, Robert. The Plastic Age, 1917-1930. New York: George Braziller, 1970. Sonny Watson. Swingstreet.com. 1999. http://www.streetswing.com/histmain/z3jazz1.htm November 26, 2004